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The analysis proceeds in two parts. (1) Intensity changes, which occur in a natural image over a wide range of scales, are detected separately at different scales. An appropriate filter for this purpose at a given scale is found to be the second derivative of a Gaussian, and it is shown that, provided some simple conditions are satisfied, these primary filters need not be orientation-dependent. Thus, intensity changes at a given scale are best detected by finding the zero values of ∇2G(x, y)* I(x, y) for image I, where G(x, y) is a two-dimen­sional Gaussian distribution and ∇2 is the Laplacian. The intensity changes thus discovered in each of the channels are then represented by oriented primitives called zero-crossing segments, and evidence is given that this representation is complete. (2) Intensity changes in images arise from surface discontinuities or from reflectance or illumination bound­aries, and these all have the property that they are spatially localized. Because of this, the zero-crossing segments from the different channels are not independent, and rules are deduced for combining them into a description of the image. This description is called the raw primal sketch. The theory explains several basic psychophysical findings, and the opera­tion of forming oriented zero-crossing segments from the output of centre-surround ∇2G filters acting on the image forms the basis for a physiological model of simple cells (see Marr & Ullman 1979).</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004231556478739","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"D. Marr"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380869862516273920","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"E. Hildreth"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"M. I. T. Psychology Department and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, 79 Amherst Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, U. S. 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Biological Sciences"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"The Royal Society"}],"prism:publicationDate":"1980-02-29","prism:volume":"207","prism:number":"1167","prism:startingPage":"187","prism:endingPage":"217"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://royalsociety.org/journals/ethics-policies/data-sharing-mining/"],"url":[{"@id":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.1980.0020"},{"@id":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rspb/article-pdf/207/1167/187/172099/rspb.1980.0020.pdf"}],"createdAt":"2006-12-15","modifiedAt":"2026-01-04","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004231556478720","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A differential equation model of retinal processing for understanding lightness optical illusions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004231973710336","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal 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