{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262943617133952.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1029/2019sw002195"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2019SW002195"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019SW002195"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1029/2019SW002195"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019SW002195"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"The Great Storm of May 1921: An Exemplar of a Dangerous Space Weather Event"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>We reconstruct the timeline of the extreme space weather event of May 1921, reviewing a wealth of reports from scientific literature, databases, newspaper reports, and reports by historians and astronomers. A series of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) bombarded Earth between 13 and 16 May, as shown by a series of sudden commencements observed across the global network of magnetometers. These CMEs produced three major periods of geomagnetic activity. The first period followed the arrival of two CMEs on 13 May. These may have cleared much density from the inner heliosphere, enabling a subsequent CME to travel quickly to Earth and cause intense activity. Continuing moderate magnetic activity following the first period may also have preconditioned the magnetosphere so it responded strongly to that later CME. This arrived late on 14 May, driving a short period of very intense activity early on 15 May, including technological impacts indicative of strong geoelectric fields. Another CME arrived early on 16 May, driving intense activity similar to that on 13 May. We show how these impacts fit with scientific observations to give a timeline that can be used in worst‐case studies/benchmarks. We also show that some impacts were probably coincidental with the storm, but due to more prosaic faults. This sequence of preconditioning, intense geoelectric fields, and their impacts, plus coincidental faults, makes the 1921 event an excellent basis for building space weather scenarios. Such scenarios are vital scientific input to the development and implementation of policies for mitigation of severe space weather.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262943617134080","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Mike Hapgood"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"RAL Space STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus  Didcot UK"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"15427390"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15427390"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Space Weather"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2019-07","prism:volume":"17","prism:number":"7","prism:startingPage":"950","prism:endingPage":"975"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2019SW002195"},{"@id":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019SW002195"},{"@id":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1029/2019SW002195"},{"@id":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019SW002195"}],"createdAt":"2019-06-24","modifiedAt":"2023-09-10","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050289765030213504","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The Intensity and Evolution of the Extreme Solar and Geomagnetic Storms in 1938 January"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050303620067269760","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Extreme geomagnetic activities: a statistical study"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360005518173924992","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Intensity and Impact of the New York Railroad Superstorm of May 1921"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013168865605888","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The extreme space weather events in October 1788"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360290617746055168","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An Analysis of Trouvelot's Auroral Drawing on 1/2 March 1872: Plausible Evidence for Recurrent Geomagnetic Storms"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360298345008304256","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Extreme solar events"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360302865541545216","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Extreme Space Weather Event of 1872 February: Sunspots, Magnetic Disturbance, and Auroral Displays"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360849943104060032","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Temporal and Spatial Evolutions of a Large Sunspot Group and Great Auroral Storms Around the Carrington Event in 1859"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360853567699482240","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Estimating Satellite Orbital Drag During Historical Magnetic Superstorms"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2051151842051747840","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"South American auroral reports during the Carrington storm"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2019sw002195"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2019sw002250_references_DOI_Z6rwF3P7N9YPpnv2tIznGYxh5Uv"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40623-020-01261-8_references_DOI_Z6rwF3P7N9YPpnv2tIznGYxh5Uv"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40623-020-01249-4_references_DOI_Z6rwF3P7N9YPpnv2tIznGYxh5Uv"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3847/1538-4357/abc427_references_DOI_Z6rwF3P7N9YPpnv2tIznGYxh5Uv"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1093/pasj/psab079_references_DOI_Z6rwF3P7N9YPpnv2tIznGYxh5Uv"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2020ja028227_references_DOI_Z6rwF3P7N9YPpnv2tIznGYxh5Uv"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s41116-022-00033-8_references_DOI_Z6rwF3P7N9YPpnv2tIznGYxh5Uv"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3847/1538-4357/acc6cc_references_DOI_Z6rwF3P7N9YPpnv2tIznGYxh5Uv"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2019sw002269_references_DOI_Z6rwF3P7N9YPpnv2tIznGYxh5Uv"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2020sw002472_references_DOI_Z6rwF3P7N9YPpnv2tIznGYxh5Uv"}]}