{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262943799076864.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1029/2003tc001564"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2003TC001564"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2003TC001564"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Thermal structure and exhumation history of the Lesser Himalaya in central Nepal"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>The Lesser Himalaya (LH) consists of metasedimentary rocks that have been scrapped off from the underthrusting Indian crust and accreted to the mountain range over the last ∼20 Myr. It now forms a significant fraction of the Himalayan collisional orogen. We document the kinematics and thermal metamorphism associated with the deformation and exhumation of the LH, combining thermometric and thermochronological methods with structural geology. Peak metamorphic temperatures estimated from Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material decrease gradually from 520°–550°C below the Main Central Thrust zone down to less than 330°C. These temperatures describe structurally a 20°–50°C/km inverted apparent gradient. The Ar muscovite ages from LH samples and from the overlying crystalline thrust sheets all indicate the same regular trend; i.e., an increase from about 3–4 Ma near the front of the high range to about 20 Ma near the leading edge of the thrust sheets, about 80 km to the south. This suggests that the LH has been exhumed jointly with the overlying nappes as a result of overthrusting by about 5 mm/yr. For a convergence rate of about 20 mm/yr, this implies underthrusting of the Indian basement below the Himalaya by about 15 mm/yr. The structure, metamorphic grade and exhumation history of the LH supports the view that, since the mid‐Miocene, the Himalayan orogen has essentially grown by underplating, rather than by frontal accretion. This process has resulted from duplexing at a depth close to the brittle‐ductile transition zone, by southward migration of a midcrustal ramp along the Main Himalayan Thrust fault, and is estimated to have resulted in a net flux of up to 150 m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>/yr of LH rocks into the Himalayan orogenic wedge. The steep inverse thermal gradient across the LH is interpreted to have resulted from a combination of underplating and post metamorphic shearing of the underplated units.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380576118699082507","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"L. Bollinger"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Laboratoire Détection et Géophysique Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique  Bruyères le Châtel France"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262943799076865","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. P. Avouac"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Laboratoire Détection et Géophysique Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique  Bruyères le Châtel France"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262943799076869","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"O. Beyssac"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Ecole Normale Supérieure Laboratoire de Géologie  Paris France"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262943799076866","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"E. J. Catlos"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262943799076870","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"T. M. Harrison"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262943799076867","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. Grove"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262943799076864","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"B. Goffé"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Ecole Normale Supérieure Laboratoire de Géologie  Paris France"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262943799076871","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. Sapkota"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Mines and Geology National Seismic Center  Lainchur, Kathmandu Nepal"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"02787407"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"19449194"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Tectonics"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2004-10","prism:volume":"23","prism:number":"5","prism:startingPage":"1"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2003TC001564"},{"@id":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2003TC001564"}],"createdAt":"2004-10-19","modifiedAt":"2023-10-12","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360025430211305344","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"<scp>RAMAN</scp> Analysis of Carbonaceous Material and Deduced Peak Metamorphic Temperatures of Metasediments From Western Himalaya, <scp>NW</scp> Pakistan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567183245269504","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The 2015 Gorkha Earthquake: Earthquake Reflection Imaging of the Source Fault and Connecting Seismic Structure With Fault Slip Behavior"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848657453619456","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Raman spectra of carbonaceous materials in a fault zone in the Longmenshan thrust belt, China; comparisons with those of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390564227315696000","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Peak metamorphic temperature of the Nishisonogi unit of the Nagasaki Metamorphic Rocks, western Kyushu, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2051714792011725824","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Carbonate clumped isotope thermometry of fault rocks and its possibilities : tectonic implications from calcites within Himalayan Frontal Fold-Thrust Belt"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2003tc001564"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/gj.5083_references_DOI_NvrcmTLfKsgIGgdIvACx8x1mOHu"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2018gl081197_references_DOI_NvrcmTLfKsgIGgdIvACx8x1mOHu"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-021-00435-6_references_DOI_NvrcmTLfKsgIGgdIvACx8x1mOHu"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.tecto.2017.01.015_references_DOI_NvrcmTLfKsgIGgdIvACx8x1mOHu"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2465/jmps.190423_references_DOI_NvrcmTLfKsgIGgdIvACx8x1mOHu"}]}