{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262943969887872.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1029/2000rs002432"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2000RS002432"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2000RS002432"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"NAID","@value":"80012419388"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"International Reference Ionosphere 2000"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) is the international standard for the specification of ionospheric densities and temperatures. It was developed and is being improved‐updated by a joint working group of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI) and the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). A new version of IRI is scheduled for release in the year 2000. This paper describes the most important changes compared to the current version of IRI: (1) an improved representation of the electron density in the region from the F peak down to the <jats:italic>E</jats:italic> peak including a better description of the <jats:italic>F</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>1</jats:italic></jats:sub> layer occurrence statistics and a more realistic description of the low‐latitude bottomside thickness, (2) inclusion of a model for storm‐time conditions, (3) inclusion of an ion drift model, (4) two new options for the electron density in the <jats:italic>D</jats:italic> region, and (5) an improved model for the topside electron temperatures. The outcome of the most recent IRI Workshops (Kühlungsborn, 1997, and Nagoya, 1998) will be reviewed, and the status of several ongoing task force activities (e.g., efforts to improve the representation of electron and ion densities in the topside ionosphere and the inclusion of a plasmaspheric extension) will be discussed. A few typical IRI applications will be highlighted in section 6.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262943969887872","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Dieter Bilitza"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00486604"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"1944799X"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Radio Science"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2001-03","prism:volume":"36","prism:number":"2","prism:startingPage":"261","prism:endingPage":"275"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2000RS002432"},{"@id":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2000RS002432"}],"createdAt":"2004-02-04","modifiedAt":"2023-09-23","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050282810812364928","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Development of an ASIC preamplifier for electromagnetic sensor probes for monitoring space electromagnetic environments"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050845760732684288","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Poleward moving auroral arcs observed at the South Pole Station and the interpretation by field line resonances"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004229808180096","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Ionospheric Alfvén resonator observed at low‐latitude ground station, Muroto"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004231986769280","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Development of multivariate ionospheric TEC forecasting algorithm using linear time series model and ARMA over low-latitude GNSS station"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004232465398272","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Feasibility study of EUV spectroscopic observation of the Io plasma torus from the earth-orbiting satellite EXCEED"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004233285672832","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"On the source of the polar wind in the polar topside ionosphere: First results from the EISCAT Svalbard radar"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285706963437568","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A comparison of neural network-based predictions of foF2 with the IRI-2012 model at conjugate points in Southeast Asia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360298755622498560","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Analysis of Electron Precipitation and Ionospheric Density Enhancements Due To Hiss Using Incoherent Scatter Radar and Arase Observations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567179754078080","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The origin of spectral resonance structures of the ionospheric Alfvén resonator. Single high‐altitude reflection or resonant cavity excitation?"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567181940132224","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A new expression for computing the bottomside thickness parameter and comparisons with the NeQuick and IRI-2012 models during declining phase of solar cycle 23 at equatorial latitude station, Chumphon, Thailand"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567183241959168","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Feedback instability analysis for dipole configuration with ionospheric and magnetospheric cavities"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360580229813722496","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Electron–neutral collisions effects on Langmuir probe in the lower E-region ionosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360846640867252096","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evaluation of isotopic fractionation of oxygen ions escaping from terrestrial thermosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848654736377600","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Depletion of mesospheric sodium during extended period of pulsating aurora"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848658219723776","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Improvement of equatorial density distribution of the global core plasma model using GPS‐derived TEC"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848665119543552","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A case study on generation mechanisms of a sporadic sodium layer above Tromsø (69.6° N) during a night of high auroral activity"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360849943101205248","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Response of Ionospheric Profile Parameters to Equatorial Electrojet Over Peruvian Station"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360869855560246912","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"EISCAT Observations of Depleted High‐Latitude\n                    <i>F</i>\n                    ‐Region During an HSS/SIR‐Driven Magnetic Storm"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361694368033528192","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A Neural Network‐Based Ionospheric Model Over Africa From Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate and Ground Global Positioning System Observations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001204461858688","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy","isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Long-Distance Propagation of VHF Radio Waves due to the Effect of the Equatorial Anomaly"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"ＶＨＦ帯電波の長距離伝搬に及ぼす赤道異常の効果"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001204593120256","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy","isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Recent Studies on Schumann Resonance"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206511799296","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy","isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Investigation of electron density profile in the lower ionosphere by SRP-4 rocket experiment"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206512466816","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy","isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Electron density in the F region derived from GPS/MET radio occultation data and comparison with IRI"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282679438055040","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The relationship between signal intensity and maximum observed frequency in long-distance propagation of VHF radio waves based on the reflection from the ionosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282679569777536","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy","isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Ray-tracing Calculation of VHF Radio Waves Scattered by Field-aligned Irregularities Associated with Equatorial Plasma Bubbles"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282679569784064","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy","isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"2-D Finite Difference Analyses of Schumann Resonance and Identification of Lightning Distribution"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282681489340544","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy","isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"An empirical model of ionospheric foE over Wuhan"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"empirical model of ionospheric foE over Wuhan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282681489375360","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy","isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"A comparative study of the bottomside profile parameters over Wuhan with IRI-2001 for 1999-2004"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"comparative study of the bottomside profile parameters over Wuhan with IRI 2001 for 1999 2004"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1520009408297115520","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"電離圏じょう乱時のTECとNmF2の比較解析"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"デンリケン ジョウランジ ノ TEC ト NmF2 ノ ヒカク カイセキ"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1520010380598637440","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Inter-hemispheric imaging of the ionosphere with the upgraded IRI-Plas model during the space weather storms"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1520572358957713024","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"アラスカロケット実験による北極域電離層下部領域の電子密度分布調査"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"アラスカ ロケット ジッケン ニ ヨル ホッキョクイキ デンリソウ カブ リョウイキ ノ デンシ ミツド ブンプ チョウサ"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1520853833848334208","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"有限差分法によるシューマン共振の解析と広域雷活動位置の推定"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"ユウゲン サブンホウ ニ ヨル シューマン キョウシン ノ カイセキ ト コウイキ カミナリ カツドウ イチ ノ スイテイ"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1521136280935870208","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Global modeling of hot O distribution in the upper thermosphere"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"Global modeling of hot O distribution in the upper thermosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1521417753435403264","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"GPS ionospheric tomography: a comparison with the IRI-2001 model over South Korea"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"GPS ionospheric tomography a comparison with the IRI 2001 model over South Korea"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1521417755514561536","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Tomographic imaging of the equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere over central-eastern Brazil"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"Tomographic imaging of the equatorial and low latitude ionosphere over central eastern Brazil"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1521699230711256576","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Constrained simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (C-SART): a new and simple algorithm applied to ionospheric tomography"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"Constrained simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique C SART a new and simple algorithm applied to ionospheric tomography"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1522262179747483520","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Global ionospheric radio observatory (GIRO)"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"Global ionospheric radio observatory GIRO"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1522543655819713408","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Variations of f0F2 and GPS total electron content over the Antarctic sector"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"Variations of f0F2 and GPS total electron content over the Antarctic sector"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1523388079817764096","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Proxy for the ionospheric peak plasma density reduced by the solar zenith angle"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"Proxy for the ionospheric peak plasma density reduced by the solar zenith angle"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1523951029665938176","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Comparison of GPS TEC measurements with IRI TEC prediction at the equatorial latitude station, Chumphon, Thailand"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"Comparison of GPS TEC measurements with IRI TEC prediction at the equatorial latitude station Chumphon Thailand"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1571417126136493312","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Thailand low and equatorial F_2-layer peak electron density and comparison with IRI-2007 model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1572261551066578048","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Equatorial F_2-layer variations : Comparison between F_2 peak parameters at Ouagadougou with the IRI-2007 model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1572543024942569216","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"シューマン共振を用いた広域雷活動位置の推定"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Identification of global lightning activity distribution by measuring Schumann resonance"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1573668926004813440","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The relationship between signal intensity and maximum observed frequency in long-distance propagation of VHF radio waves based on the reflection from the ionosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1573950400926478336","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Equatorial vertical plasma drifts and the measured and IRI model-predicted F_2-layer parameters above Ouagadougou during solar minimum"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1574231874802834432","@type":"Article","relationType":["isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"VHF帯電波の長距離伝搬メカニズムと赤道電離異常の効果"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Long-Distance Propagation of VHF Radio Waves by the Effect of the Equatorial Anomaly"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2050307417166183168","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The science case for the EISCAT_3D radar"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2000rs002432"},{"@type":"CIA","@value":"80012419388"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-015-0051-8_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/2017ja024204_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2009gl041501_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1541/ieejfms.124.1225_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.asr.2016.11.003_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/bf03351865_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/bf03351957_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1541/ieejfms.126.28_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2022ja030545_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/bf03352442_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/2013ja019428_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2011ja016721_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40623-016-0470-9_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1541/ieejfms.124.1253_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1541/jae.29.115_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.pss.2011.12.016_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1063/5.0079761_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/bf03351928_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/2016ja023472_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2011rs004763_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2012ja017899_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/angeo-33-941-2015_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2018ea000537_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1541/jae.31.63_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.asr.2018.03.024_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.asr.2017.03.023_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2024ja032910_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.gca.2012.02.010_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2019ja027065_references_DOI_HLPvfdF58RR2kvXTjkBtm62Pg7F"}]}