{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262944175508352.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1002/2017jd027909"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2F2017JD027909"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2017JD027909"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/2017JD027909"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2017JD027909"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Snowflake Melting Simulation Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Motivated by the need to understand the microphysics and improve the remote sensing of the melting layer of precipitation, we have developed a numerical 3‐D model for the melting of single snowflakes. The model uses the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method and is forced by surface tension that controls the flow of meltwater on the ice surface. Heat transfer from the environment to the snowflake is simulated with a Monte Carlo scheme. In model experiments with snowflakes of various sizes and densities, we observed that the meltwater tends to initially gather in concave regions of the snowflake surface. These liquid water regions merge as they grow, and as meltwater is added, they form a shell of liquid around an ice core. This eventually develops into a water drop. The observed features during melting are consistent with experimental findings from earlier research, which suggests that the model is adequate for exploring the physics of snowflake melting. The principal remaining uncertainties arise from the omission of aerodynamic forces from the model. The results suggest that the degree of riming has a significant influence on the melting process: During initial melting, liquid water is apparent on the surface of unrimed or lightly rimed particles, while rime provides a porous structure that can absorb a relatively large amount of meltwater. Riming also strengthens the connections between different parts of the snowflake, making rimed snowflakes less prone to breakup during melting, while unrimed ones break up rather easily.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262944175508353","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jussi Leinonen"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering University of California  Los Angeles CA USA"},{"@value":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology  Pasadena CA USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262944175508352","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Annakaisa von Lerber"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Earth Observation Finnish Meteorological Institute  Helsinki Finland"},{"@value":"School of Electrical Engineering Aalto University  Espoo Finland"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"2169897X"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"21698996"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2018-02-13","prism:volume":"123","prism:number":"3","prism:startingPage":"1811","prism:endingPage":"1825"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2F2017JD027909"},{"@id":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2017JD027909"},{"@id":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/2017JD027909"},{"@id":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2017JD027909"}],"createdAt":"2018-02-06","modifiedAt":"2023-09-10","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004240187491712","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A shape model of internally mixed soot particles derived from artificial surface tension"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390570699997622400","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Radiowave Scattering Characteristics of Melting Layer Measured by a Dual Ka-band Radar System"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"デュアルKa帯レーダシステムによって測定された融解層の電波散乱特性"},{"@value":"Radiowave Scattering Characteristics of Melting Layer Measured by a Dual Ka-band Radar System : Special Edition on Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) : 5th Anniversary"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/2017jd027909"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/amt-12-107-2019_references_DOI_DsTpUjADVPzFZpNlaPJylB6VN7k"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.2021-053_references_DOI_DsTpUjADVPzFZpNlaPJylB6VN7k"}]}