{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262945077057280.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1073/pnas.70.8.2281"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.70.8.2281"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"NAID","@value":"30016260257"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Carcinogens are Mutagens: A Simple Test System Combining Liver Homogenates for Activation and Bacteria for Detection"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>\n            18 Carcinogens, including aflatoxin B\n            <jats:sub>1</jats:sub>\n            , benzo(a)pyrene, acetylaminofluorene, benzidine, and dimethylamino-\n            <jats:italic>trans</jats:italic>\n            -stilbene, are shown to be activated by liver homogenates to form potent frameshift mutagens. We believe that these carcinogens have in common a ring system sufficiently planar for a stacking interaction with DNA base pairs and a part of the molecule capable of being metabolized to a reactive group: these structural features are discussed in terms of the theory of frameshift mutagenesis. We propose that these carcinogens, and many others that are mutagens, cause cancer by somatic mutation. A simple, inexpensive, and extremely sensitive test for detection of carcinogens as mutagens is described. It consists of the use of a rat or human liver homogenate for carcinogen activation (thus supplying mammalian metabolism) and a set of\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella</jats:italic>\n            histidine mutants for mutagen detection. The homogenate, bacteria, and a TPNH-generating system are all incubated together on a petri plate. With the most active compounds, as little as a few nanograms can be detected.\n          </jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380294645759558531","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Bruce N. Ames"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Biochemistry Department, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380294645759558529","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"William E. Durston"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Biochemistry Department, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380294645759558528","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Edith Yamasaki"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Biochemistry Department, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380294645759558530","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Frank D. Lee"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Biochemistry Department, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00278424"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"10916490"},{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"https://id.crossref.org/issn/0015749X"},{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"http://id.crossref.org/issn/00278424"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"}],"prism:publicationDate":"1973-08","prism:volume":"70","prism:number":"8","prism:startingPage":"2281","prism:endingPage":"2285"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.70.8.2281"}],"createdAt":"2006-05-31","modifiedAt":"2022-04-13","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050282677631310080","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal 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cells"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848659552680064","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"DNA-based mutation assay GPMA (genome profiling-based mutation assay): reproducibility, parts-per-billion scale sensitivity, and introduction of a mammalian-cell-based approach"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001204261825024","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy","isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"A System for the Rapid Determination of the Mutation Spectrum in Escherichia coli"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001204389876480","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Theoretical Study on the Solvent Effect for S<SUB>N</SUB>2 Type Oxirane Ring Opening of exo- and endo-Aflatoxin B<SUB>1</SUB>8, 9-Oxide"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"エキソおよびエンドAflatoxin B<SUB>1</SUB>8,9-OxideのS<SUB>N</SUB>2型オキシラン開環反応における溶媒効果の理論的検討"},{"@value":"Theoretical Study on the Solvent Effect for SN2 Type Oxirane Ring Opening of exo- and endo-Aflatoxin B1 8,9-Oxide."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001204420290432","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"化学物質の安全性評価におけるヒト由来試料の有用性　　ヒトＳ９を用いるＡｍｅｓ試験"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Advantage of the use of human materials in the safety assessment of chemicals : the Ames test using human S9"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"カガク ブッシツ ノ アンゼンセイ ヒョウカ ニ オケル ヒト ユライ シリョウ ノ ユウヨウセイ ヒト S9 オ モチイル Ames シケン"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001204455886592","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Urothelial Cancer Risk in Relation to Genotypes of Glutathione S-Tansferase (GST) M1, T1, P1 and N-Acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), and Tobacco Smoking."},{"@value":"Urothelial Cancer Risk in Relation 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