{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262945278550784.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1161/01.res.0000256155.31133.49"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.RES.0000256155.31133.49"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"PMID","@value":"17307972"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Ca<sup>2+</sup>Channel Subtypes and Pharmacology in the Kidney"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>A large body of evidence has accrued indicating that voltage-gated Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>channel subtypes, including L-, T-, N-, and P/Q-type, are present within renal vascular and tubular tissues, and the blockade of these Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>channels produces diverse actions on renal microcirculation. Because nifedipine acts exclusively on L-type Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>channels, the observation that nifedipine predominantly dilates afferent arterioles implicates intrarenal heterogeneity in the distribution of L-type Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>channels and suggests that it potentially causes glomerular hypertension. In contrast, recently developed Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>channel blockers (CCBs), including mibefradil and efonidipine, exert blocking action on L-type and T-type Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>channels and elicit vasodilation of afferent and efferent arterioles, which suggests the presence of T-type Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>channels in both arterioles and the distinct impact on intraglomerular pressure. Recently, aldosterone has been established as an aggravating factor in kidney disease, and T-type Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>channels mediate aldosterone release as well as its effect on renal efferent arteriolar tone. Furthermore, T-type CCBs are reported to exert inhibitory action on inflammatory process and renin secretion. Similarly, N-type Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>channels are present in nerve terminals, and the inhibition of neurotransmitter release by N-type CCBs (eg, cilnidipine) elicits dilation of afferent and efferent arterioles and reduces glomerular pressure. Collectively, the kidney is endowed with a variety of Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>channel subtypes, and the inhibition of these channels by their specific CCBs leads to variable impact on renal microcirculation. Furthermore, multifaceted activity of CCBs on T- and N-type Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>channels may offer additive benefits through nonhemodynamic mechanisms in the progression of chronic kidney disease.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1030003658392937088","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"80164937"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000080164937"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000016268430"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000254569528"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000010581566"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000345266322"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000003868938"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000024193336"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000021769204"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000003729548"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000378115775"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000252872215"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000254096759"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000253451772"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000010975273"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000402236468"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000403735975"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000401866063"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000253451086"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000254136686"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000004234675"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000401859275"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257776823"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000254512031"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000256520288"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000256094438"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000257809496"},{"@type":"RESEARCHMAP","@value":"https://researchmap.jp/read0044257"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"Koichi 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