{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262945862803968.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1029/2008rg000267"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2008RG000267"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2008RG000267"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Tropical tropopause layer"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>Observations of temperature, winds, and atmospheric trace gases suggest that the transition from troposphere to stratosphere occurs in a layer, rather than at a sharp “tropopause.” In the tropics, this layer is often called the “tropical tropopause layer” (TTL). We present an overview of observations in the TTL and discuss the radiative, dynamical, and chemical processes that lead to its time‐varying, three‐dimensional structure. We present a synthesis definition with a bottom at 150 hPa, 355 K, 14 km (pressure, potential temperature, and altitude) and a top at 70 hPa, 425 K, 18.5 km. Laterally, the TTL is bounded by the position of the subtropical jets. We highlight recent progress in understanding of the TTL but emphasize that a number of processes, notably deep, possibly overshooting convection, remain not well understood. The TTL acts in many ways as a “gate” to the stratosphere, and understanding all relevant processes is of great importance for reliable predictions of future stratospheric ozone and climate.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262945862803972","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. Fueglistaler"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262945862803971","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"A. E. Dessler"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences Texas A&M University  College Station Texas USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262945862803969","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"T. J. Dunkerton"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"NorthWest Research Associates  Redmond Washington USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262945862803970","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"I. Folkins"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science Dalhousie University  Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262945862803968","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Q. Fu"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382262945862803973","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"P. W. Mote"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"NorthWest Research Associates  Redmond Washington USA"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"87551209"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"19449208"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Reviews of Geophysics"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2009-02-17","prism:volume":"47","prism:number":"1","prism:startingPage":"RG1004"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2008RG000267"},{"@id":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2008RG000267"}],"createdAt":"2009-02-16","modifiedAt":"2023-10-12","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050001335777859712","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Dehydration in the tropical tropopause layer estimated from the water vapor match"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050001338210504192","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Zonally uniform tidal oscillations in the tropical stratosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050025031477732480","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Cirrus cloud appearance in a volcanic aerosol layer around the tropical cold point tropopause over Biak, Indonesia, in January 2011"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050282810703163520","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Seasonal and interannual variability in the temperature structure around the tropical tropopause and its relationship with convective activities"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050282810828631424","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Comparison of three retrievals of COSMIC GPS radio occultation results in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050306506453409536","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Assessment of upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor and ozone in reanalyses as part of S-RIP"},{"@value":"Assessment of upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapour\nand ozone in reanalyses as part of S-RIP"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050306506457396352","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Wave activity in the tropical tropopause layer in seven reanalysis and four chemistry climate model data sets"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050587981428829184","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Comparison of equatorial wave activity in the tropical tropopause layer and stratosphere represented in reanalyses"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050587981429788160","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Coordinated Upper-Troposphere-to-Stratosphere Balloon Experiment in Biak"},{"@value":"Coordinated Upper-troposphere-to-stratosphere Balloon Experiment in Biak (CUBE/Biak)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050587981431154048","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Analysis of the tropical tropopause layer using the Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) : 2. An experiment under the atmospheric conditions of December 2006 to January 2007"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050587981433623424","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Cold trap dehydration in the Tropical Tropopause Layer characterised by SOWER chilled-mirror hygrometer network data in the Tropical Pacific"},{"@value":"Cold trap dehydration in the Tropical Tropopause Layer characterized by SOWER chilled-mirror hygrometer network data in the Tropical Pacific"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050587981435224832","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Tropical cooling in the case of stratospheric sudden warming in January 2009 : focus on the tropical tropopause 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Merapi, Java, in November 2010 observed by the spaceborne lidar CALIOP"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285708265979392","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) ozone climatology (2005–2009): Tropospheric and tropical tropopause layer (TTL) profiles with comparisons to OMI‐based ozone products"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360298755600498304","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The impact of the QBO on the region of the tropical tropopause in QBOi models: Present‐day simulations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360565171064526080","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Contribution of different processes to changes in tropical lower-stratospheric 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