{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262946239685248.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1073/pnas.96.1.91"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.96.1.91"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Gene delivery: A single nuclear localization signal peptide is sufficient to carry DNA to the cell nucleus"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>Translocation of exogenous DNA through the nuclear membrane is a major concern of gene delivery technologies. To take advantage of the cellular import machinery, we have synthesized a capped 3.3-kbp CMVLuciferase-NLS gene containing a single nuclear localization signal peptide (PKKKRKVEDPYC). Transfection of cells with the tagged gene remained effective down to nanogram amounts of DNA. Transfection enhancement (10- to 1,000-fold) as a result of the signal peptide was observed irrespective of the cationic vector or the cell type used. A lysine to threonine mutation of the third NLS amino acid completely abolished these remarkable features, suggesting importin-mediated translocation. Our hypothesis is that the 3-nm-wide DNA present in the cytoplasm is initially docked to and translocated through a nuclear pore by the nuclear import machinery. As DNA enters the nucleus, it is quickly condensed into a chromatin-like structure, which provides a mechanism for threading the remaining worm-like molecule through the pore. A single NLS signal is thus sufficient, whereas many signals on a gene would actually inhibit entry, the same DNA molecule being threaded through adjacent pores.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380294722939964290","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Maria Antonietta Zanta"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Laboratoire de Chimie Génétique associé Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Louis Pasteur (Unité Mixte de Recherche 7514), Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg, France"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380294722939964289","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Pascale Belguise-Valladier"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Laboratoire de Chimie Génétique associé Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Louis Pasteur (Unité Mixte de Recherche 7514), Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg, France"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380294722939964288","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jean-Paul Behr"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Laboratoire de Chimie Génétique associé Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Louis Pasteur (Unité Mixte de Recherche 7514), Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg, France"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00278424"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"10916490"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"}],"prism:publicationDate":"1999-01-05","prism:volume":"96","prism:number":"1","prism:startingPage":"91","prism:endingPage":"96"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.96.1.91"}],"createdAt":"2002-07-26","modifiedAt":"2022-04-13","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050292815318898432","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Understanding In Vivo Fate of Nucleic Acid and Gene Medicines for the Rational Design of Drugs"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285706984639232","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"HVJ-E/importin-β hybrid vector for overcoming cytoplasmic and nuclear membranes as double barrier for non-viral gene delivery"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848655287672448","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal 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Satisfying Various Requirements for Effective in Vivo Gene Therapy."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001204628272000","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Intranuclear DNA Release Is a Determinant of Transfection Activity for a Non-viral Vector: Biocleavable Polyrotaxane as a Supramolecularly Dissociative Condenser for Efficient Intranuclear DNA Release"},{"@value":"Highlighted paper selected by editor-in-chief: Intranuclear DNA release is a determinant of transfection activity for a non-viral vector: biocleavable polyrotaxane as a supramolecularly dissociative condenser for efficient intranuclear DNA release"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001204628491392","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Asialoganglioside Enhances the Efficiency of Gene Transfection Mediated by Cationic Liposomes with a 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Nonviral Vector Using α-Cyclodextrin—"},{"@value":"遺伝子導入法としてのポリフェクション--α-シクロデキストリンを基本素材とする高機能性遺伝子導入用ベクターの構築を中心として"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"イデンシ ドウニュウホウ ト シテ ノ ポリフェクション アルファ シクロデキストリン オ キホン ソザイ ト スル コウキノウセイ イデンシ ドウニュウヨウ ベクター ノ コウチク オ チュウシン ト シテ"},{"@value":"Polyfection as Nonviral Gene Transfer Method — Design of Novel Nonviral Vector Using α‐Cyclodextrin"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282679601181824","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Preparation of an Artificial Cell Cycle Progressor with a Novel Mechanism"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282679604257664","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Delivery of Condensed DNA by Liposomal Non-viral Gene Delivery System into Nucleus of Dendritic Cells"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390298355905922944","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal 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