{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544418705676544.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1111/risa.12765"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Frisa.12765"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/risa.12765"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"The Economic Impact of Space Weather: Where Do We Stand?"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>Space weather describes the way in which the Sun, and conditions in space more generally, impact human activity and technology both in space and on the ground. It is now well understood that space weather represents a significant threat to infrastructure resilience, and is a source of risk that is wide‐ranging in its impact and the pathways by which this impact may occur. Although space weather is growing rapidly as a field, work rigorously assessing the overall economic cost of space weather appears to be in its infancy. Here, we provide an initial literature review to gather and assess the quality of any published assessments of space weather impacts and socioeconomic studies. Generally speaking, there is a good volume of scientific peer‐reviewed literature detailing the likelihood and statistics of different types of space weather phenomena. These phenomena all typically exhibit “power‐law” behavior in their severity. The literature on documented impacts is not as extensive, with many case studies, but few statistical studies. The literature on the economic impacts of space weather is rather sparse and not as well developed when compared to the other sections, most probably due to the somewhat limited data that are available from end‐users. The major risk is attached to power distribution systems and there is disagreement as to the severity of the technological footprint. This strongly controls the economic impact. Consequently, urgent work is required to better quantify the risk of future space weather events.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380857593704410386","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. P. Eastwood"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"The Blackett Laboratory Imperial College London  London UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382544418705676544","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"E. Biffis"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Finance, Imperial College Business School Imperial College London  South Kensington Campus London UK"},{"@value":"Department of Risk Management and Insurance, J. Mack Robinson College of Business Georgia State University  Atlanta GA USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382544418705676551","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. A. Hapgood"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"RAL Space STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus  Didcot Oxfordshire UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382544418705676550","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"L. Green"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary  Dorking Surrey UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382544418705676546","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. M. Bisi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"RAL Space STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus  Didcot Oxfordshire UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382544418705676545","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. D. Bentley"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary  Dorking Surrey UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382544418705676548","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. Wicks"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary  Dorking Surrey UK"},{"@value":"Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction University College London  Gower Street London UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380861291338480640","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"L.‐A. McKinnell"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"SANSA Space Science  Hermanus South Africa"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382544418705676553","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. Gibbs"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Space Weather Programme, Met Office  Exeter UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382544418705676552","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"C. Burnett"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Space Weather Programme, Met Office  Exeter UK"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"02724332"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15396924"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Risk Analysis"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Wiley"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2017-02","prism:volume":"37","prism:number":"2","prism:startingPage":"206","prism:endingPage":"218"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Frisa.12765"},{"@id":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/risa.12765"}],"createdAt":"2017-02-23","modifiedAt":"2023-09-16","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050291768617207296","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Assessing the performance of a Northeast Asia Japan-centered 3-D ionosphere specification technique during the 2015 St. Patrick’s day geomagnetic storm"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004233004571520","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"More Rapid <sup>14</sup>C Excursions in the Tree-Ring Record: A Record of Different Kind of Solar Activity at About 800 BC?"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360005518172543872","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Modeling Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Australian Power Networks Using Different Conductivity Models"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360005518173924992","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Intensity and Impact of the New York Railroad Superstorm of May 1921"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360005669368893440","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Do Kepler Superflare Stars Really Include Slowly Rotating Sun-like Stars?—Results Using APO 3.5 m Telescope Spectroscopic Observations and Gaia-DR2 Data"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857593793395200","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Particle energization in space plasmas: towards a multi-point, multi-scale plasma observatory"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362820494264381440","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Capability of Geomagnetic Storm Parameters to Identify Severe Space Weather"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1111/risa.12765"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1017/rdc.2018.53_references_DOI_CB3rg6dBoYFU4Ttt1Gdjnj8rIxS"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2018sw002047_references_DOI_CB3rg6dBoYFU4Ttt1Gdjnj8rIxS"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2019sw002250_references_DOI_CB3rg6dBoYFU4Ttt1Gdjnj8rIxS"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3847/1538-4357/ab14e6_references_DOI_CB3rg6dBoYFU4Ttt1Gdjnj8rIxS"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40623-021-01447-8_references_DOI_CB3rg6dBoYFU4Ttt1Gdjnj8rIxS"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s10686-021-09797-7_references_DOI_CB3rg6dBoYFU4Ttt1Gdjnj8rIxS"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3847/1538-4357/ab5113_references_DOI_CB3rg6dBoYFU4Ttt1Gdjnj8rIxS"}]}