{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825894336813312.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1144/gsl.mem.2002.021.01.22"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/pdf/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.22"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Tephra fallout in the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Four mechanisms caused tephra fallout at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, during the 1995-1999 period: explosive activity (mainly of Vulcanian type), dome collapses, ash-venting and phreatic explosions. The first two mechanisms contributed most of the tephra-fallout deposits (minimum total dense-rock equivalent volume of 23 x 10<jats:sup>6</jats:sup>m<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>), which vary from massive to layered and represent the amalgamation of the deposits from a large numbers of events. The volume of co-pyroclastic-flow fallout tephra is in the range 4-16° of the associated pyroclastic flow deposits. Dome-collapse fallout tephra is characterized by ash particles generated by fragmentation in the pyroclastic flows and by elutriation of fines. Vulcanian fallout tephra is coarser grained, as it is formed by magma fragmentation in the conduit and by elutriation from the fountain-collapse flows and initial surges. Vulcanian fallout tephra is typically polymodal, whereas dome-collapse fallout tephra is predominantly unimodal. Polymodality is attributed to: overlapping of fallout tephra of different types, premature fallout of fine particles, multiple tephra-fallout sources, and differences in density and grain-size distribution of different components. During both dome collapses and explosions, ash fell as aggregates of various sizes and types. Accretionary lapilli grain size is independent of their diameter and is characterized by multiple subpopulations with a main mode at 5ø. Satellite data indicate that very fine ash can stay in a volcanic cloud for several hours and show that exponential thinning rates observed in proximal areas cannot apply in distal areas.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380004231248412679","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"C. Bonadonna"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ()"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825894336813323","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"G. C. Mayberry"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Geological Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton MI 49931, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825894336813314","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"E. S. Calder"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ()"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825894336813321","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. S. J. Sparks"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ()"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825894336813320","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"C. Choux"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Blaise Pascal et CNRS, 63038 Clermont Ferrand, France"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825894336813319","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"P. Jackson"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Montserrat Volcano Observatory, Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825894336813322","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"A. M. Lejeune"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ()"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825894336813316","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. C. Loughlin"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"British Geological Survey, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825894336813313","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"G. E. Norton"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825894336813312","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"W. I. Rose"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Geological Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton MI 49931, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825894336813318","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"G. Ryan"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825894336813315","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. R. Young"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Montserrat Volcano Observatory, Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"04354052"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"20414722"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Geological Society, London, Memoirs"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Geological Society of London"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2002-01","prism:volume":"21","prism:number":"1","prism:startingPage":"483","prism:endingPage":"516"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-002"],"url":[{"@id":"https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/pdf/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.22"}],"createdAt":"2007-08-03","modifiedAt":"2025-01-20","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050282810831501696","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Statistical analysis of dispersal and deposition patterns of volcanic emissions from Mt. Sakurajima, Japan"},{"@value":"Statistical analysis of dispersal and depositional patterns of volcanic emissions from Mt. Sakurajima, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004231248412544","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The 1914 Taisho eruption of Sakurajima volcano: stratigraphy and dynamics of the largest explosive event in Japan during the twentieth century"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567181201749248","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Constraining tephra dispersion and deposition from three subplinian explosions in 2011 at Shinmoedake volcano, Kyushu, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857593759673088","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Sedimentary System of Ash Deposits from Long-Term Vulcanian Activity at Sakurajima Volcano, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360865815699976576","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Tephra segregation profiles based on disdrometer observations and tephra dispersal modeling: Vulcanian eruptions of Sakurajima volcano, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2050307417161733632","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Ballistic ejecta and eruption condition of the vulcanian explosion of Shinmoedake volcano, Kyushu, Japan on 1 February, 2011"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2051151842047695232","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Sedimentation process of ashfall during a Vulcanian eruption as revealed by high-temporal-resolution grain size analysis and high-speed camera imaging"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1144/gsl.mem.2002.021.01.22"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s00445-017-1154-4_references_DOI_WAnXKvkN1Y7jgC5IAne59DgB8M4"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5047/eps.2013.03.004_references_DOI_WAnXKvkN1Y7jgC5IAne59DgB8M4"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.02.021_references_DOI_WAnXKvkN1Y7jgC5IAne59DgB8M4"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s00445-014-0823-9_references_DOI_WAnXKvkN1Y7jgC5IAne59DgB8M4"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-019-0316-8_references_DOI_WAnXKvkN1Y7jgC5IAne59DgB8M4"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1086/714175_references_DOI_WAnXKvkN1Y7jgC5IAne59DgB8M4"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40623-023-01952-y_references_DOI_WAnXKvkN1Y7jgC5IAne59DgB8M4"}]}