{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825895579889152.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1073/pnas.1508782112"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://www.pnas.org/syndication/doi/10.1073/pnas.1508782112"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.1508782112"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"PMID","@value":"26598691"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Microbes are trophic analogs of animals"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Significance</jats:title>\n          <jats:p>We report evidence that microbes are trophically equivalent to animals. When bacteria or fungi are fed the same diets as animals, the microbes register the same trophic position as animals. This discovery reframes how microbes can be viewed within food chains and facilitates the inclusion of the microbiome in functional diversity studies. To demonstrate the broad applicability of our approach, we investigated the ancient symbioses represented by leaf-cutter ant fungus gardens, revealing four discrete trophic levels within this community and providing evidence that fungi, not ants, are the dominant herbivores of the Neotropics. Altogether, we show that microbes can be integrated with plants and animals in a food chain, thereby unifying the macro- and microbiome in studies of trophic ecology.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825895579889156","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Shawn A. Steffan"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706;"},{"@value":"US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825895579889154","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yoshito Chikaraishi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Biogeochemistry, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825895579889152","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Cameron R. Currie"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825895579889157","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Heidi Horn"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825895579889158","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hannah R. Gaines-Day"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825895579889159","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jonathan N. Pauli"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825895579889153","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Juan E. Zalapa"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825895579889155","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Naohiko Ohkouchi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Biogeochemistry, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan;"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00278424"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"10916490"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2015-11-23","prism:volume":"112","prism:number":"49","prism:startingPage":"15119","prism:endingPage":"15124"},"reviewed":"false","dcterms:accessRights":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2","dc:rights":["http://www.pnas.org/site/misc/userlicense.xhtml"],"url":[{"@id":"http://www.pnas.org/syndication/doi/10.1073/pnas.1508782112"},{"@id":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.1508782112"}],"createdAt":"2015-11-24","modifiedAt":"2022-04-13","foaf:topic":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Microbiota","dc:title":"Microbiota"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Animals","dc:title":"Animals"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Ecosystem","dc:title":"Ecosystem"}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360002216015913472","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Reply to “Comment on “Ecological niche of Neanderthals from Spy Cave revealed by nitrogen isotopes of individual amino acids in collagen.” [J. 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