{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825896008352000.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1177/0363546513496547"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0363546513496547"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1177/0363546513496547"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Effect of Excessive Contralateral Trunk Tilt on Pitching Biomechanics and Performance in High School Baseball Pitchers"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:</jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There is a growing number of pitching-related upper extremity injuries among young baseball pitchers; however, there is a lack of data on the identification of injury prevention strategies, particularly the prevention of injuries through the instruction/modification of technique. The identification of technical parameters that are associated with increased joint loading is needed.</jats:p>\n          </jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose:</jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To investigate the effects of excessive contralateral trunk tilt, a common technique identifiable by video observation, on pitching biomechanics and performance in high school baseball pitchers. The hypothesis was that this strategy is associated with greater joint loading and poor pitching performance.</jats:p>\n          </jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Study Design:</jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Descriptive laboratory study; Level of evidence, 3.</jats:p>\n          </jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:</jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              The 3-dimensional pitching biomechanics, ball speed, and frontal view of the pitching technique from 72 high school baseball pitchers were captured on video and analyzed. The videos were reviewed to determine if the pitcher’s trunk was excessively contralaterally tilted at the instant of maximal shoulder external rotation by examining whether the side of the pitcher’s head ipsilateral to the throwing limb deviated by more than a head width from a vertical line passing through the pitcher’s stride foot ankle. Upper extremity kinetics and upper extremity/trunk kinematics between pitchers with and without excessive contralateral trunk tilt were compared using independent\n              <jats:italic>t</jats:italic>\n              tests.\n            </jats:p>\n          </jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:</jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Compared with pitchers who did not demonstrate excessive contralateral trunk tilt, those with excessive contralateral trunk tilt pitched at a higher ball speed (mean, 32.6 ± 2.2 vs 31.1 ± 2.9 m/s, respectively;\n              <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\n              = .019) and experienced a greater elbow proximal force (mean, 103.9 ± 12.7 vs 93.2 ± 13.9 %weight, respectively;\n              <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\n              = .001), shoulder proximal force (mean, 104.8 ± 14.1 vs 94.3 ± 15.5 %weight, respectively;\n              <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\n              = .004), elbow varus moment (mean, 4.29 ± 0.73 vs 3.84 ± 0.8 %height*weight, respectively;\n              <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\n              = .017), and shoulder internal rotation moment (mean, 4.21 ± 0.71 vs 3.75 ± 0.78 %height*weight, respectively;\n              <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\n              = .011). Pitchers with excessive contralateral trunk tilt demonstrated less upper torso flexion at stride foot contact, less upper torso rotation, and greater upper torso contralateral flexion at maximal shoulder external rotation and ball release (\n              <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\n              < .05).\n            </jats:p>\n          </jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion:</jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Excessive contralateral trunk tilt is a strategy that is associated with higher ball speeds and increased joint loading.</jats:p>\n          </jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:</jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Pitching with excessive contralateral trunk tilt, which can be identified through screening of the pitching technique, is associated with a benefit in performance and increased joint loading. Future study is warranted to determine if this strategy should be encouraged or discouraged by baseball coaches.</jats:p>\n          </jats:sec>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825896008352000","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Sakiko Oyama"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas"},{"@value":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825896008352003","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Bing Yu"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825896008352004","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. Troy Blackburn"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825896008352001","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Darin A. Padua"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825896008352005","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Li Li"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Health & Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1382825896008352002","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Joseph B. Myers"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"03635465"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15523365"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"The American Journal of Sports Medicine"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"SAGE Publications"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2013-07-24","prism:volume":"41","prism:number":"10","prism:startingPage":"2430","prism:endingPage":"2438"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license"],"url":[{"@id":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0363546513496547"},{"@id":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1177/0363546513496547"}],"createdAt":"2013-07-25","modifiedAt":"2025-08-18","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360290617906064384","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal 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article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Mechanical properties of upper torso rotation from the viewpoint of energetics during baseball pitching"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001204921440128","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"中学野球選手におけるFunctional Movement Screenと投球障害の関係"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Relationships between throwing injuries and functional movement screen in junior high school baseball players"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"チュウガク ヤキュウ センシュ ニ オケル Functional Movement Screen ト トウキュウ ショウガイ ノ カンケイ"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282752376881024","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Medial Elbow Pain in Baseball Players：Biomechanics of the Throwing Motion and Rehabilitation"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"内側型野球肘"},{"@value":"内側型野球肘 : 投球動作のバイオメカニクスとリハビリテーション治療"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"ウチガワガタ ヤキュウ ヒジ : トウキュウ ドウサ ノ バイオメカニクス ト リハビリテーション チリョウ"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390286981358568832","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Biomechanical analysis of the pitching characteristics of adult amateur          baseball pitchers throwing standard and lightweight balls"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390297128802854272","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Relationships between Physical Functions Involved in the 30-m Sprint and Standing Broad Jump in Junior High School Baseball Players"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"中学生野球選手における30 mスプリントと立ち幅跳びに関与する身体機能の関係性"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390566775161408896","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Contribution of Hip Joint Kinetics to Rotate the 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