{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388844045338752.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1002/2013jd019886"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2F2013JD019886"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2013JD019886"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Elemental carbon measurements in European Arctic snow packs"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Black carbon (BC) and other light‐absorbing particles deposited on snow and ice are known to perturb the surface radiative balance. There are few published observations of the concentration of these particles in the snow in Scandinavia and the European Arctic. We measured BC concentrations in snow samples collected in this region from 2007 to 2009, and we present the results here. The data set includes 484 surface samples and 24 column samples (covering the accumulation season) from snow on land, glaciers, and sea ice. Concentrations up to 88 ng of carbon per gram of snow (ng/g) were found in Scandinavia, while lower values were observed at higher latitudes: 11–14 ng/g in Svalbard, 7–42 ng/g in the Fram Strait, and 9 ng/g in Barrow. Values compare well with other observations but are generally found to be a factor of 2–3 higher than modeled BC concentrations in snow in the chemical transport model Oslo CTM2. This model underestimation comes in spite of potentially significant undercatch in the observations. The spring melt period enhanced BC levels in surface snow at the four sites where the BC concentrations were monitored from March to May in 2008 and 2009. A data set of replicate samples is used to establish a concentration‐dependent estimate of the meter‐scale variability of BC concentration in snow, found to be around ±30% of the average concentration.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844045338760","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. Forsström"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Norwegian Polar Institute  Tromsø Norway"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844045338756","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"E. Isaksson"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Norwegian Polar Institute  Tromsø Norway"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844045338753","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. B. Skeie"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Center for International Climate and Environmental Research‐Oslo (CICERO)  Oslo Norway"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844045338758","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. Ström"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Applied Environmental Science Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844045338754","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"C. A. Pedersen"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Norwegian Polar Institute  Tromsø Norway"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844045338752","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. R. Hudson"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Norwegian Polar Institute  Tromsø Norway"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844045338761","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"T. K. Berntsen"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Center for International Climate and Environmental Research‐Oslo (CICERO)  Oslo Norway"},{"@value":"The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844045338755","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"H. Lihavainen"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Finnish Meteorological Institute  Helsinki Finland"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844045338759","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"F. Godtliebsen"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Norwegian Polar Institute  Tromsø Norway"},{"@value":"The Faculty of Science and Technology University of Tromsø  Tromsø Norway"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844045338757","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. Gerland"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Norwegian Polar Institute  Tromsø Norway"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"2169897X"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"21698996"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2013-12-26","prism:volume":"118","prism:number":"24"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2F2013JD019886"},{"@id":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2013JD019886"}],"createdAt":"2013-11-30","modifiedAt":"2023-10-03","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361694368033876224","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Black Carbon and Inorganic Aerosols in Arctic Snowpack"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282680199915776","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The GOddard SnoW Impurity Module (GOSWIM) for the NASA GEOS-5 Earth System Model: Preliminary Comparisons with Observations in Sapporo, Japan"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/2013jd019886"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/sola.2014-011_references_DOI_KVZAH20I6660Y5ovWFEwcdxvL1G"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2019jd030623_references_DOI_KVZAH20I6660Y5ovWFEwcdxvL1G"}]}