{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388844176335488.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002794"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002794"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Reduction of secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in households by face mask use, disinfection and social distancing: a cohort study in Beijing, China"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transmission of COVID-19 within families and close contacts accounts for the majority of epidemic growth. Community mask wearing, hand washing and social distancing are thought to be effective but there is little evidence to inform or support community members on COVID-19 risk reduction within families.</jats:p>\n               </jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study of 335 people in 124 families and with at least one laboratory confirmed COVID-19 case was conducted from 28 February to 27 March 2020, in Beijing, China. The outcome of interest was secondary transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) within the family. Characteristics and practices of primary cases, of well family contacts and household hygiene practices were analysed as predictors of secondary transmission.</jats:p>\n               </jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The secondary attack rate in families was 23.0% (77/335). Face mask use by the primary case and family contacts before the primary case developed symptoms was 79% effective in reducing transmission (OR=0.21, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.79). Daily use of chlorine or ethanol based disinfectant in households was 77% effective (OR=0.23, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.84). Wearing a mask after illness onset of the primary case was not significantly protective. The risk of household transmission was 18 times higher with frequent daily close contact with the primary case (OR=18.26, 95% CI 3.93 to 84.79), and four times higher if the primary case had diarrhoea (OR=4.10, 95% CI 1.08 to 15.60). Household crowding was not significant.</jats:p>\n               </jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study confirms the highest risk of transmission prior to symptom onset, and provides the first evidence of the effectiveness of mask use, disinfection and social distancing in preventing COVID-19. We also found evidence of faecal transmission. This can inform guidelines for community prevention in settings of intense COVID-19 epidemics.</jats:p>\n               </jats:sec>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844176335496","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yu Wang"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive medicine, Beijing, China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844176335493","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Huaiyu Tian"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844176335499","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Li Zhang"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive medicine, Beijing, China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844176335617","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Man Zhang"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Office of Beijing Center for Global Health, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive medicine, Beijing, China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844176335494","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Dandan Guo"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for nutrition and food hygiene, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive medicine, Beijing, China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844176335488","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Wenting Wu"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive medicine, Beijing, China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844176335500","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Xingxing Zhang"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Office of Beijing Center for Global Health, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive medicine, Beijing, China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844176335491","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ge Lin Kan"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844176335492","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Lei Jia"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive medicine, Beijing, China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844176335618","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Da Huo"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive medicine, Beijing, China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844176335497","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Baiwei Liu"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive medicine, Beijing, China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844176335490","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Xiaoli Wang"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive medicine, Beijing, China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844176335495","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ying Sun"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive medicine, Beijing, China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844176335616","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Quanyi Wang"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive medicine, Beijing, China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844176335498","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Peng Yang"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Office of Beijing Center for Global Health, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive medicine, Beijing, China"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844176335489","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"C. Raina MacIntyre"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Arizona State University College of Health Solutions, Phoenix, Arizona, USA"},{"@value":"Kirby institute, Faculty of Medicine, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"20597908"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"BMJ Global Health"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"BMJ"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2020-05","prism:volume":"5","prism:number":"5","prism:startingPage":"e002794"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"],"url":[{"@id":"https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002794"}],"createdAt":"2020-05-28","modifiedAt":"2025-07-30","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050855224113498752","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Surgical mask use by healthcare personnel to prevent COVID‐19 spread in a long‐term care facility"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013168746848384","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"COVID-19 transmission in group living environments and households"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360023717931565184","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Epidemiological impact of revoking mask-wearing recommendation on COVID-19 transmission in Tokyo, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576118784837120","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A study of the effect of wearing face masks in preventing COVID-19 transmission in the United States of America"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390290163835612160","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"COVID-19 Transmission at Schools in Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390299163008316672","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Comparison of the inward leakage rate between N95 filtering facepiece respirators and modified surgical masks during the COVID-19 pandemic"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390576118538477312","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Clinical Features of Children with COVID-19 in Initial Time of Pandemic"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2051996266988270592","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Recommendations for the urgent need to vaccinate school-aged and adolescent children against COVID-19 in the Asia–Pacific region"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002794"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1620/tjem.255.239_references_DOI_E9jqn6AmuSz6wsqOSteHiDQP455"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1038/s41598-021-91220-4_references_DOI_E9jqn6AmuSz6wsqOSteHiDQP455"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s41182-021-00365-5_references_DOI_E9jqn6AmuSz6wsqOSteHiDQP455"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.14789/jmj.jmj22-0005-oa_references_DOI_E9jqn6AmuSz6wsqOSteHiDQP455"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.idm.2024.08.002_references_DOI_E9jqn6AmuSz6wsqOSteHiDQP455"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/jgf2.394_references_DOI_E9jqn6AmuSz6wsqOSteHiDQP455"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1108/pap-08-2021-0046_references_DOI_E9jqn6AmuSz6wsqOSteHiDQP455"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1265/ehpm.23-00303_references_DOI_E9jqn6AmuSz6wsqOSteHiDQP455"}]}