{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388844265605632.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.5194/acp-9-9001-2009"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/9/9001/2009/acp-9-9001-2009.pdf"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.5194/acpd-9-15769-2009"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"HANDLE","@value":"11697/3015"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Evaluation of black carbon estimations in global aerosol models"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>Abstract. We evaluate black carbon (BC) model predictions from the AeroCom model intercomparison project by considering the diversity among year 2000 model simulations and comparing model predictions with available measurements. These model-measurement intercomparisons include BC surface and aircraft concentrations, aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD) retrievals from AERONET and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and BC column estimations based on AERONET. In regions other than Asia, most models are biased high compared to surface concentration measurements. However compared with (column) AAOD or BC burden retreivals, the models are generally biased low. The average ratio of model to retrieved AAOD is less than 0.7 in South American and 0.6 in African biomass burning regions; both of these regions lack surface concentration measurements. In Asia the average model to observed ratio is 0.7 for AAOD and 0.5 for BC surface concentrations. Compared with aircraft measurements over the Americas at latitudes between 0 and 50N, the average model is a factor of 8 larger than observed, and most models exceed the measured BC standard deviation in the mid to upper troposphere. At higher latitudes the average model to aircraft BC ratio is 0.4 and models underestimate the observed BC loading in the lower and middle troposphere associated with springtime Arctic haze. Low model bias for AAOD but overestimation of surface and upper atmospheric BC concentrations at lower latitudes suggests that most models are underestimating BC absorption and should improve estimates for refractive index, particle size, and optical effects of BC coating. Retrieval uncertainties and/or differences with model diagnostic treatment may also contribute to the model-measurement disparity. Largest AeroCom model diversity occurred in northern Eurasia and the remote Arctic, regions influenced by anthropogenic sources. Changing emissions, aging, removal, or optical properties within a single model generated a smaller change in model predictions than the range represented by the full set of AeroCom models. Upper tropospheric concentrations of BC mass from the aircraft measurements are suggested to provide a unique new benchmark to test scavenging and vertical dispersion of BC in global models.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605634","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"D. Koch"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605642","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. Schulz"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605765","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. Kinne"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605638","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"C. McNaughton"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605773","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. R. Spackman"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605766","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Y. Balkanski"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605661","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. Bauer"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605506","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"T. Berntsen"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605649","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"T. C. Bond"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605658","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"O. Boucher"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605507","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. Chin"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605772","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"A. Clarke"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605645","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"N. De Luca"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605651","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"F. Dentener"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605654","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"T. Diehl"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605641","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"O. Dubovik"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605769","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. Easter"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605636","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"D. W. Fahey"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605767","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. Feichter"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605659","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"D. Fillmore"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605632","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. Freitag"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605504","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. Ghan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605643","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"P. Ginoux"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605660","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. Gong"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605763","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"L. Horowitz"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605646","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"T. Iversen"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605639","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"A. Kirkev&aring;g"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605647","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Z. Klimont"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605657","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Y. Kondo"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605764","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. Krol"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605656","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"X. Liu"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605653","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. Miller"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605774","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"V. Montanaro"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605770","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"N. Moteki"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605762","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"G. Myhre"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605637","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. E. Penner"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605768","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. Perlwitz"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605635","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"G. Pitari"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605633","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"S. Reddy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605761","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"L. Sahu"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605640","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"H. Sakamoto"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605662","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"G. Schuster"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605644","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. P. Schwarz"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605652","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ø. Seland"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605650","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"P. Stier"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605771","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"N. Takegawa"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605760","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"T. Takemura"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605655","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"C. Textor"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605648","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. A. van Aardenne"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844265605505","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Y. Zhao"}]}],"contributor":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288271","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) ; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288386","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M) ; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288128","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288285","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP) ; University of Oxford"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288286","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Climate Change Unit [Ispra] ; JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES) ; European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC)-European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288402","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288397","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"University of California [Davis] (UC Davis) ; University of California (UC)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288259","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288409","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID) ; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288263","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP) ; University of Oxford [Oxford]"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288406","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"University of California [Davis] (UC Davis) ; University of California"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423740948","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"BALKANSKI, Yves"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288299","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) ; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288287","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID) ; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) ; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288288","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) ; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288283","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288388","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288275","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288400","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID) ; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) ; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288131","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288408","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter]"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288290","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Nagoya University"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288391","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288279","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM) ; Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423740942","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement Gif-sur-Yvette (LSCE)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423740800","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423740943","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423740929","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Max-Planck-Gesellschaft"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423728771","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423740952","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423740951","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423740945","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423740930","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"United Kingdom Met Office Exeter"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423740944","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423740947","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder (NCAR)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423740939","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423740937","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg (IIASA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288278","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO) ; University of Oslo (UiO)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288270","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893398392376288300","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS) ; University of Michigan [Ann Arbor] ; University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423740950","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423740935","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1894243915423740801","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics Oxford 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