{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388844758137984.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122637"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122637"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"EARLY CRUSTAL EVOLUTION OF MARS"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>▪ Abstract  The bulk of the ∼50-km-thick Martian crust formed at ∼4.5 Gyr B.P., perhaps from a magma ocean. This crust is probably a basaltic andesite or andesite and is enriched in incompatible and heat-producing elements. Later additions of denser basalt to the crust were volumetrically minor, but resurfaced significant portions of the Northern hemisphere. A significant fraction of the total thickness of the crust was magnetized prior to 4 Gyr B.P., with the magnetization later selectively removed by large impacts. Early large impacts also modified the hemispheric contrast in crustal thickness (the dichotomy), which was possibly caused by long-wavelength mantle convection. Subsequent Noachian modification of the crust included further impacts, significant fluvial erosion, and volcanism associated with the formation of the Tharsis rise. Remaining outstanding questions include the origin of the dichotomy and the nature of the magnetic anomalies.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844758137985","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Francis Nimmo"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388844758137984","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ken Tanaka"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"United States Geological Survey, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001;"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00846597"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15454495"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Annual Reviews"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2005-05-31","prism:volume":"33","prism:number":"1","prism:startingPage":"133","prism:endingPage":"161"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122637"}],"createdAt":"2004-11-29","modifiedAt":"2024-01-16","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004233290665856","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Two‐dimensional numerical studies on the effects of water on Martian mantle evolution induced by magmatism and solid‐state mantle convection"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360283691685283072","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Numerical models of Martian mantle evolution induced by magmatism and solid-state convection beneath stagnant lithosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360588379360702976","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The evolutionary divergence of Mars, Venus, and Earth"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848661505158016","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Quantitative Potassium Measurements with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Using Low-Energy Lasers: Application to In Situ K–Ar Geochronology for Planetary Exploration"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360869854368245632","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Reconstructing the geological and geomorphological history of Morella Crater, Mars"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360869856030331776","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Seismic discontinuity in the Martian crust possibly caused by water-filled cracks"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2050870367067985792","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Sensitivity of elastic thickness to water in the Martian lithosphere"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122637"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2012je004054_references_DOI_HpiCuz3UTspwEbPurvmmxtCue20"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2010je003777_references_DOI_HpiCuz3UTspwEbPurvmmxtCue20"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-019-0298-6_references_DOI_HpiCuz3UTspwEbPurvmmxtCue20"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/b978-0-323-99762-1.00104-2_references_DOI_HpiCuz3UTspwEbPurvmmxtCue20"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1177/0003702817701941_references_DOI_HpiCuz3UTspwEbPurvmmxtCue20"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109740_references_DOI_HpiCuz3UTspwEbPurvmmxtCue20"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1130/g52369.1_references_DOI_HpiCuz3UTspwEbPurvmmxtCue20"}]}