{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388845793773568.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1016/j.tecto.2021.229038"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0040195121003206?httpAccept=text/xml"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0040195121003206?httpAccept=text/plain"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@value":"Backward earthquake ruptures far ahead of fluid invasion: Insights from dynamic earthquake-sequence simulations"}],"description":[{"notation":[{"@value":"Abstract   The 2011 M9 Tohoku-Oki earthquake caused widespread seismicity including that associated with upward fluid migration within the overriding plate. Such fluid-driven earthquake sequences have a peculiar behavior whereby the ruptures of individual small earthquakes propagate in the opposite direction to the direction of pore pressure invasion. This backward rupture propagation is not predicted by the conventional fluid-driven seismicity model that only considers the evolution of pore pressure on the fault, thus ignoring the effect of stress redistribution. Here, we investigated the characteristics of earthquakes under the influence of upward fluid invasion using numerical simulations considering realistic frictional behavior and fault creep. Specifically, we examined the slip behavior of a fault governed by rate-and-state dependent friction when imposing upward pore pressure diffusion. We assumed multiple velocity-weakening patches on an otherwise velocity-strengthening fault. Our results show that the seismicity front can migrate much faster than predicted by the conventional model because of the redistribution of shear stress on the fault. The recurrence of earthquakes and the directions of ruptures are controlled by the brittleness, β, i.e., the patch size divided by the critical nucleation size. When β > 1, earthquakes repeatedly occur at the same patches, and the swarm activity expands with time. The first rupture at each patch propagates updip, while the directions of subsequent ruptures are variable. When β"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420845751148825856","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"20743686"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000020743686"},{"@type":"ORCID","@value":"0000-0002-1058-9811"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000409849930"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000409849926"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000410320351"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000406035253"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000404481586"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000414072569"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000410320342"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000405103758"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000414241295"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000398156125"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000412000916"},{"@type":"RESEARCHMAP","@value":"https://researchmap.jp/k-yoshida999"}],"foaf:name":[{"@value":"Keisuke Yoshida"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388845793773568","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hiroyuki Noda"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388845793773571","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Masao Nakatani"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383388845793773569","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Bunichiro Shibazaki"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00401951"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Tectonophysics"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Elsevier BV"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2021-10","prism:volume":"816","prism:startingPage":"229038"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/","https://www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license","http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/","https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-017","https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037","https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-012","https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029","https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-004"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0040195121003206?httpAccept=text/xml"},{"@id":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0040195121003206?httpAccept=text/plain"}],"createdAt":"2021-08-28","modifiedAt":"2025-09-22","project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040285300704212608","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"20K14569"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP20K14569"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-20K14569/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"小地震の破壊過程を用いた断層状態の情報抽出に基づく地震発生機構の解明"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Earthquake generation mechanism based on fault conditions inferred from the rupture process of small earthquakes"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050001339269691776","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Heterogeneities in Stress and Strength in Tohoku and Its Relationship with Earthquake Sequences Triggered by the 2011 M9 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050564288453609216","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Hypocenter Migration and Seismicity Pattern Change in the Yamagata-Fukushima Border, NE Japan, Caused by Fluid Movement and Pore Pressure Variation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360001113993614208","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Faulting Induced by Forced Fluid Injection and Fluid Flow Forced by Faulting: An 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Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206513250304","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Distinct S-wave reflectors (bright spots) detected beneath the Nagamachi-Rifu fault, NE Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390852669107381504","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Studies about the Impacts of Upward Fluid Migration on the Earthquake Occurrence: Constrains from Seismicity Triggered by the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"地殻深部から上昇する流体が地震の発生に及ぼす影響の研究"},{"@value":"地殻深部から上昇する流体が地震の発生に及ぼす影響の研究 : 2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震に誘発された地震活動による拘束"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"チカク シンブ カラ ジョウショウ スル リュウタイ ガ ジシン ノ ハッセイ ニ オヨボス エイキョウ ノ ケンキュウ : 2011ネン トウホク チホウ タイヘイヨウオキ ジシン ニ ユウハツ サレタ ジシン カツドウ ニ ヨル 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