{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670318325107200.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1073/pnas.1618798114"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://www.pnas.org/syndication/doi/10.1073/pnas.1618798114"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.1618798114"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Biological regulation of atmospheric chemistry en route to planetary oxygenation"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Significance</jats:title><jats:p>It has been proposed that enhanced methane fluxes to Earth’s early atmosphere could have altered atmospheric chemistry, initiating a hydrocarbon-rich haze reminiscent of Saturn’s moon Titan. The occurrence, cause, and significance of haze development, however, remain unknown. Here, we test and refine the “haze hypothesis” by combining an ultra-high-resolution sulfur- and carbon-isotope dataset with photochemical simulations to reveal the structure and timing of haze development. These data suggest that haze persisted for ∼1 million years, requiring a sustained biological driver. We propose that enhanced atmospheric CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>, implied by the presence of haze, could have had a significant impact on the escape of hydrogen from the atmosphere, effectively contributing to the terminal oxidation of Earth’s surficial environments ∼2.4 billion years ago.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318325107201","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Gareth Izon"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9AL, Scotland;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318325107200","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Aubrey L. Zerkle"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9AL, Scotland;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318325107202","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kenneth H. Williford"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318325107204","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"James Farquhar"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;"},{"@value":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318325107203","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Simon W. Poulton"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318325107205","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Mark W. Claire"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9AL, Scotland;"},{"@value":"Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA 98154"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00278424"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"10916490"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2017-03-13","prism:volume":"114","prism:number":"13","prism:startingPage":"E2571"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://www.pnas.org/site/misc/userlicense.xhtml"],"url":[{"@id":"http://www.pnas.org/syndication/doi/10.1073/pnas.1618798114"},{"@id":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.1618798114"}],"createdAt":"2017-03-14","modifiedAt":"2023-08-22","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360025431104707456","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An analysis of Δ36S/Δ33S dependence on definitions of sulfur mass-independent fractionation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360580232136813568","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Sulfur mass-independent fractionation during SO2 photolysis in low-temperature/pressure atmospheres"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360588381082880128","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Abiotic Production of Dimethyl Sulfide, Carbonyl Sulfide, and Other Organosulfur Gases via Photochemistry: Implications for Biosignatures and Metabolic Potential"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360853567849024000","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Great Oxidation Event preceded a Paleoproterozoic “snowball Earth”"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390013972156120960","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Introducing atmospheric photochemical isotopic processes to the PATMO atmospheric code"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390854717424417024","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Absorption spectra measurements at ~1 cm<sup>–1</sup> spectral resolution of <sup>32</sup>S, <sup>33</sup>S, <sup>34</sup>S, and <sup>36</sup>S sulfur dioxide for the 206–220 nm region and applications to modeling of the isotopic self-shielding"},{"@value":"Absorption spectra measurements at ∼1 cm−1 spectral resolution of 32S, 33S, 34S, and 36S sulfur dioxide for the 206−220 nm region and applications to modeling of the isotopic self-shielding"},{"@value":"Absorption spectra measurements at ~1 cm−1 spectral resolution of 32S, 33S, 34S, and 36S sulfur dioxide for the 206−220 nm region and applications to modeling of the isotopic self-shielding"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2051996266990209664","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Atmospheric oxygenation of the early earth and earth-like planets driven by competition between land and seafloor weathering"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1073/pnas.1618798114"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2343/geochemj.gj22004_references_DOI_I9qx40iayxHnoFCDhWhyYXhJmcl"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2024.122157_references_DOI_I9qx40iayxHnoFCDhWhyYXhJmcl"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2343/geochemj.gj23004_references_DOI_I9qx40iayxHnoFCDhWhyYXhJmcl"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121064_references_DOI_I9qx40iayxHnoFCDhWhyYXhJmcl"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3847/2041-8213/ad74da_references_DOI_I9qx40iayxHnoFCDhWhyYXhJmcl"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1073/pnas.2003090117_references_DOI_I9qx40iayxHnoFCDhWhyYXhJmcl"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40623-021-01527-9_references_DOI_I9qx40iayxHnoFCDhWhyYXhJmcl"}]}