{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670318329271808.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1175/2009jas3334.1"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://journals.ametsoc.org/jas/article-pdf/67/5/1315/3515608/2009jas3334_1.pdf"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Transport and Mixing in the Extratropical Tropopause Region in a High-Vertical-Resolution GCM. Part II: Relative Importance of Large-Scale and Small-Scale Dynamics"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The relative roles of atmospheric motions on various scales, from mesoscale to planetary scale, in transport and mixing in the extratropical tropopause region are investigated using a high-vertical-resolution general circulation model (GCM). The GCM with a vertical resolution of about 300 m explicitly represents the propagation and breaking of gravity waves and the induced transport and mixing. A downward control calculation shows that the Eliassen–Palm (E-P) flux of the gravity waves diverges and induces a mean equatorward flow in the extratropical tropopause region, which differs from the mean poleward flow induced by the convergence of large-scale E-P fluxes. The diffusion coefficients estimated from the eddy potential vorticity flux in tropopause-based coordinates reveal that isentropic motions diffuse air between 20 K below and 10 K above the tropopause from late autumn to early spring, while vertical mixing is strongly suppressed at around 10–15 K above the tropopause throughout the year. The isentropic mixing is mainly caused by planetary- and synoptic-scale motions, while small-scale motions with a horizontal scale of less than a few thousand kilometers largely affect the three-dimensional mixing just above the tropopause. Analysis of the gravity wave energy and atmospheric instability implies that the small-scale dynamics associated with the dissipation and saturation of gravity waves is a significant cause of the three-dimensional mixing just above the tropopause. A rapid increase in the static stability in the tropopause inversion layer is considered to play an important role in controlling the gravity wave activity around the tropopause.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318329271808","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kazuyuki Miyazaki"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318329271812","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Shingo Watanabe"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318329271810","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yoshio Kawatani"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318329271811","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kaoru Sato"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318329271809","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yoshihiro Tomikawa"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318329271813","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Masaaki Takahashi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Center for Climate System Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15200469"},{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00224928"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Meteorological Society"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2010-05-01","prism:volume":"67","prism:number":"5","prism:startingPage":"1315","prism:endingPage":"1336"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"http://journals.ametsoc.org/jas/article-pdf/67/5/1315/3515608/2009jas3334_1.pdf"}],"createdAt":"2009-12-30","modifiedAt":"2020-12-07","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050282810817767808","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"A numerical experiment on the formation of the tropopause inversion layer associated with an explosive cyclogenesis: possible role of gravity waves"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360002218811857792","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Gravity Wave Characteristics in the Southern Hemisphere Revealed by a High-Resolution Middle-Atmosphere General Circulation Model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004233287424640","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Multimodel assessment of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: Extratropics"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004240186856960","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Inter-comparison of stratospheric mean-meridional circulation and eddy mixing among six reanalysis datasets"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004240196701568","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Vertical resolution dependence of gravity wave momentum flux simulated by an atmospheric general circulation model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285708266076288","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Growth of planetary waves and the formation of an elevated stratopause after a major stratospheric sudden warming in a T213L256 GCM"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285711534826112","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A Theoretical Study on the Spontaneous Radiation of Inertia–Gravity Waves Using the Renormalization Group Method. 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