{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670318429761664.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/12/3269/2020/essd-12-3269-2020.pdf"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.5194/essd-2020-286"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.5445/ir/1000129087"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.48350/153200"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"HANDLE","@value":"1871.1/8e37b60d-dd0d-4f31-9eb2-156b0f0600d6"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"HANDLE","@value":"11370/1a9ae91c-41ca-45e5-88fc-3f221eac2955"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"HANDLE","@value":"11250/2738463"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"HANDLE","@value":"11250/2762824"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"HANDLE","@value":"21.11116/0000-0007-9FBB-4"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"HANDLE","@value":"21.11116/0000-0007-9FBD-2"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"HANDLE","@value":"21.11116/0000-0007-9FBE-1"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"HANDLE","@value":"11250/2723621"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Global Carbon Budget 2020"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and\ntheir redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere\nin a changing climate – the “global carbon budget” – is important to\nbetter understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of\nclimate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and\nsynthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components\nof the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2\nemissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production\ndata, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly\ndeforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and\nbookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly\nand its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in\nconcentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial\nCO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models\nconstrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance\n(BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the\nestimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a\nmeasure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon\ncycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last\ndecade available (2010–2019), EFOS was 9.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 excluding the cement carbonation sink (9.4 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and\nELUC was 1.6 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1. For the same decade, GATM was 5.1 ± 0.02 GtC yr−1 (2.4 ± 0.01 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN 2.5 ±  0.6 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.4 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1, with a budget\nimbalance BIM of −0.1 GtC yr−1 indicating a near balance between\nestimated sources and sinks over the last decade. For the year 2019 alone, the\ngrowth in EFOS was only about 0.1 % with fossil emissions increasing\nto 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 excluding the cement carbonation sink (9.7 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 1.8 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for total anthropogenic CO2 emissions of 11.5 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1 (42.2 ± 3.3 GtCO2). Also for 2019, GATM was\n5.4 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.5 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN\nwas 2.6 ± 0.6 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.1 ± 1.2 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO2\nconcentration reached 409.85 ± 0.1 ppm averaged over 2019. Preliminary\ndata for 2020, accounting for the COVID-19-induced changes in emissions,\nsuggest a decrease in EFOS relative to 2019 of about −7 % (median\nestimate) based on individual estimates from four studies of −6 %, −7 %,\n−7 % (−3 % to −11 %), and −13 %. Overall, the mean and trend in the\ncomponents of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the\nperiod 1959–2019, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the\nrepresentation of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of\nestimates from diverse approaches and observations shows (1) no consensus\nin the mean and trend in land-use change emissions over the last decade, (2)\na persistent low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of\nthe land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent\ndiscrepancy between the different methods for the ocean sink outside the\ntropics, particularly in the Southern Ocean. This living data update\ndocuments changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global\ncarbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle\ncompared with previous publications of this data set (Friedlingstein et al.,\n2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, a, 2016, 2015b, a, 2014,\n2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2020 (Friedlingstein et al., 2020).</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761556","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Pierre Friedlingstein"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761549","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Michael O'Sullivan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761539","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Matthew W. Jones"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761668","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Robbie M. Andrew"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761558","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Judith Hauck"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761664","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Are Olsen"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761412","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Glen P. Peters"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761546","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Wouter Peters"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761553","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Julia Pongratz"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761683","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Stephen Sitch"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761430","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Corinne Le Quéré"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761554","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Josep G. Canadell"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761550","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Philippe Ciais"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761427","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Robert B. Jackson"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761537","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Simone Alin"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761675","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Luiz E. O. C. Aragão"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761687","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Almut Arneth"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761665","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Vivek Arora"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761424","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Nicholas R. Bates"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761674","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Meike Becker"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761409","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Alice Benoit-Cattin"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761673","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Henry C. Bittig"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761669","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laurent Bopp"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761666","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Selma Bultan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761557","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Naveen Chandra"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761692","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Frédéric Chevallier"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761413","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Louise P. Chini"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761682","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Wiley Evans"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761667","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Liesbeth Florentie"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761426","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Piers M. Forster"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761418","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Thomas Gasser"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761548","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Marion Gehlen"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761559","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Dennis Gilfillan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761429","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Thanos Gkritzalis"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761686","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Luke Gregor"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761670","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Nicolas Gruber"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761540","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ian Harris"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761688","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kerstin Hartung"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761689","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Vanessa Haverd"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761543","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Richard A. Houghton"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761542","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Tatiana Ilyina"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761434","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Atul K. Jain"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761423","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Emilie Joetzjer"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761551","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Koji Kadono"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761428","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Etsushi Kato"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761433","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Vassilis Kitidis"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761545","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jan Ivar Korsbakken"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761792","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Peter Landschützer"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761410","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Nathalie Lefèvre"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761676","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Andrew Lenton"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761432","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Sebastian Lienert"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761417","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Zhu Liu"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761415","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Danica Lombardozzi"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761538","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Gregg Marland"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761690","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Nicolas Metzl"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761547","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"David R. Munro"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761552","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Julia E. M. S. Nabel"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761685","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761408","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yosuke Niwa"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761561","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kevin O'Brien"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761693","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Tsuneo Ono"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761691","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Paul I. Palmer"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761684","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Denis Pierrot"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761420","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Benjamin Poulter"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761544","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laure Resplandy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761419","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Eddy Robertson"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761671","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Christian Rödenbeck"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761677","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jörg Schwinger"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761416","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Roland Séférian"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761414","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ingunn Skjelvan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761672","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Adam J. P. Smith"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761541","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Adrienne J. Sutton"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761678","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Toste Tanhua"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761536","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Pieter P. Tans"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761681","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hanqin Tian"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761411","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Bronte Tilbrook"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761555","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Guido van der Werf"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761679","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Nicolas Vuichard"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761425","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Anthony P. Walker"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761562","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Rik Wanninkhof"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761421","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Andrew J. Watson"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761680","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"David Willis"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761560","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Andrew J. Wiltshire"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761422","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Wenping Yuan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761431","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Xu Yue"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318429761694","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Sönke Zaehle"}]}],"contributor":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1893680965440593683","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X) ; Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris)-Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris ; École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) ; Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) ; Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1891709542490180235","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS) ; University of Exeter"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1891709542490180234","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research ; University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1891709542490180390","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO) ; University of Oslo (UiO)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1891709542490180375","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung = Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research = Institut Alfred-Wegener pour la recherche polaire et marine (AWI) ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1891709542490180261","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) ; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1891709542490180098","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC) ; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) ; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1891709542490180373","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR) ; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE) ; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers 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Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1891709542490180403","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP) ; 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