{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670318508840320.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.5194/acp-20-9591-2020"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/20/9591/2020/acp-20-9591-2020.pdf"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"HANDLE","@value":"20.500.14017/84fe7579-87d1-437a-bc63-51c00523ac5f"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Effective radiative forcing and adjustments in CMIP6 models"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>Abstract. The effective radiative forcing, which includes the instantaneous forcing plus adjustments from the atmosphere and surface, has emerged as the key metric of evaluating human and natural influence on the climate. We evaluate effective radiative forcing and adjustments in 17 contemporary climate models that are participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) and have contributed to the Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP). Present-day (2014) global-mean anthropogenic forcing relative to pre-industrial (1850) levels from climate models stands at 2.00 (±0.23) W m−2, comprised of 1.81 (±0.09) W m−2 from CO2, 1.08 (± 0.21) W m−2 from other well-mixed greenhouse gases, −1.01 (± 0.23) W m−2 from aerosols and −0.09 (±0.13) W m−2 from land use change. Quoted uncertainties are 1 standard deviation across model best estimates, and 90 % confidence in the reported forcings, due to internal variability, is typically within 0.1 W m−2. The majority of the remaining 0.21 W m−2 is likely to be from ozone. In most cases, the largest contributors to the spread in effective radiative forcing (ERF) is from the instantaneous radiative forcing (IRF) and from cloud responses, particularly aerosol–cloud interactions to aerosol forcing. As determined in previous studies, cancellation of tropospheric and surface adjustments means that the stratospherically adjusted radiative forcing is approximately equal to ERF for greenhouse gas forcing but not for aerosols, and consequentially, not for the anthropogenic total. The spread of aerosol forcing ranges from −0.63 to −1.37 W m−2, exhibiting a less negative mean and narrower range compared to 10 CMIP5 models. The spread in 4×CO2 forcing has also narrowed in CMIP6 compared to 13 CMIP5 models. Aerosol forcing is uncorrelated with climate sensitivity. Therefore, there is no evidence to suggest that the increasing spread in climate sensitivity in CMIP6 models, particularly related to high-sensitivity models, is a consequence of a stronger negative present-day aerosol forcing and little evidence that modelling groups are systematically tuning climate sensitivity or aerosol forcing to recreate observed historical warming.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840466","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Christopher J. Smith"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840576","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ryan J. Kramer"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840448","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Gunnar Myhre"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840323","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kari Alterskjær"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840327","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"William Collins"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840464","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Adriana Sima"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840325","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Olivier Boucher"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840320","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jean-Louis Dufresne"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840326","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Pierre Nabat"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840454","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Martine Michou"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840453","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Seiji Yukimoto"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840459","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jason Cole"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840460","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"David Paynter"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840328","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hideo Shiogama"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840450","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Fiona M. O'Connor"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840463","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Eddy Robertson"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840462","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Andy Wiltshire"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840449","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Timothy Andrews"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840458","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Cécile Hannay"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840322","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ron Miller"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840456","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Larissa Nazarenko"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840465","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Alf Kirkevåg"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840324","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Dirk Olivié"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840452","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Stephanie Fiedler"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840321","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Anna Lewinschal"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840457","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Chloe Mackallah"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840455","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Martin Dix"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840461","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Robert Pincus"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318508840451","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Piers M. Forster"}]}],"contributor":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886367","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)) ; École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) ; Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X) ; Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris)-Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886363","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X) ; Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris)-Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris ; École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) ; Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) ; Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905046","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP) ; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3) ; Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3) ; Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905174","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI) ; Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905050","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905175","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Blackett Laboratory ; Imperial College London"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886345","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD) ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X) ; Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris)-Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris ; École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) ; Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) ; Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905045","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO) ; University of Oslo (UiO)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905165","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC) ; United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter]"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905036","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Department of Geosciences [Oslo] ; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo] ; University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905169","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Fitzroy Road"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905043","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Department of Psychology [York, UK] ; University of York [York, UK]"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905176","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"University of Leeds"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905049","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905164","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)) ; École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris) ; Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905034","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology = Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905027","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris ; École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris) ; Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris) ; Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905171","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905152","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC) ; United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter]"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905154","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905172","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD) ; Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris ; École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris) ; Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris) ; Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905042","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris ; École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) ; Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) ; Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886368","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Center for International Climate and Environmental Research Oslo (CICERO)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886336","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Department of Geosciences Oslo"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886349","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"University of Oslo (UiO)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886355","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Department of Water and Climate"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886365","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Oslo"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886362","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905161","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)) ; École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) ; Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886347","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886353","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886361","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886338","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886354","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905051","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1890020693067905028","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD) ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris ; École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) ; Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL) ; Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886350","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Dufresne, Jean-Louis"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886360","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886352","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886364","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886359","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886340","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886342","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886366","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886343","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886356","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Meteorological Research Institute Tsukuba (MRI)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886348","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Blackett Laboratory"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886357","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886358","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886341","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Imperial College London"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886344","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886346","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886337","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"University of York York, UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886351","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"United Kingdom Met Office Exeter"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1892273591053886339","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Department of Psychology York, UK"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"16807324"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Copernicus GmbH"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2020-08-17","prism:volume":"20","prism:number":"16","prism:startingPage":"9591","prism:endingPage":"9618"},"reviewed":"false","dcterms:accessRights":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2","dc:rights":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"],"url":[{"@id":"https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/20/9591/2020/acp-20-9591-2020.pdf"}],"createdAt":"2020-08-17","modifiedAt":"2025-01-31","foaf:topic":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=%5BSDU.OCEAN%5DSciences%20of%20the%20Universe%20%5Bphysics%5D/Ocean,%20Atmosphere","dc:title":"[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=%5BSDU.OCEAN%5DSciences%20of%20the%20Universe%20%5Bphysics%5D/Ocean","dc:title":"[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=%5BSDU.STU.ME%5D%20Sciences%20of%20the%20Universe%20%5Bphysics%5D/Earth%20Sciences/Meteorology","dc:title":"[SDU.STU.ME] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Atmosphere","dc:title":"Atmosphere"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=%5BSDU.OCEAN%5D%20Sciences%20of%20the%20Universe%20%5Bphysics%5D/Ocean,%20Atmosphere","dc:title":"[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Physics","dc:title":"Physics"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=QC1-999","dc:title":"QC1-999"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=ddc:no","dc:title":"ddc:no"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=%5BSDU.STU.ME%5DSciences%20of%20the%20Universe%20%5Bphysics%5D/Earth%20Sciences/Meteorology","dc:title":"[SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=551","dc:title":"551"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Chemistry","dc:title":"Chemistry"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=%5BSDU.STU.CL%5D%20Sciences%20of%20the%20Universe%20%5Bphysics%5D/Earth%20Sciences/Climatology","dc:title":"[SDU.STU.CL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=%5BSDU.STU.CL%5DSciences%20of%20the%20Universe%20%5Bphysics%5D/Earth%20Sciences/Climatology","dc:title":"[SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=QD1-999","dc:title":"QD1-999"}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050306506450697472","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"High Flux of Small Sulfate Aerosols During the 1970s Reconstructed From the SE-Dome Ice Core in Greenland"},{"@value":"High Flux of Small Sulfate Aerosols During the 1970s Reconstructed From the SE‐Dome Ice Core in Greenland"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013168868332160","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Biased Estimates of Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity and Transient Climate Response Derived From Historical CMIP6 Simulations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360298337065493888","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"<scp>PM<sub>2.5</sub></scp> decrease with precipitation as revealed by single‐point ground‐based observation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360302866843044480","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Impacts of a double-moment bulk cloud microphysics scheme (NDW6-G23) on aerosol fields in NICAM.19 with a global 14 km grid resolution"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360572092555041664","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effective radiative forcing from emissions of reactive gases and aerosols – a multi-model comparison"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360584341808697728","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Impacts of Air Pollutants on Climate Change: Importance of SLCF Co-Control for Climate Change Mitigation in Short- and Long-Term Future"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360588380606531584","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A new method for diagnosing effective radiative forcing from aerosol–cloud interactions in climate models"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360853567518211456","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Bias in CMIP6 models as compared to observed regional  dimming and brightening"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360865815493455104","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Interactions between atmospheric composition and climate change – progress in understanding and future opportunities from AerChemMIP, PDRMIP, and RFMIP"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360869856045452928","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Droplet collection efficiencies inferred from satellite retrievals constrain effective radiative forcing of aerosol–cloud interactions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1881428067862592000","@type":"Dataset","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"HadGEM3-GA7.1 radiative kernels"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/acp-20-9591-2020"},{"@type":"OPENAIRE","@value":"doi_dedup___::e5f9f7739c4cc29f872fa27d476c9921"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2021gl095778_references_DOI_9SVbaLCxtXZ74VkdyYIX5K0vAOO"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/asl.1088_references_DOI_9SVbaLCxtXZ74VkdyYIX5K0vAOO"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2022jd036880_references_DOI_9SVbaLCxtXZ74VkdyYIX5K0vAOO"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/gmd-17-651-2024_references_DOI_9SVbaLCxtXZ74VkdyYIX5K0vAOO"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/acp-21-853-2021_references_DOI_9SVbaLCxtXZ74VkdyYIX5K0vAOO"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/978-981-15-2527-8_40-1_references_DOI_9SVbaLCxtXZ74VkdyYIX5K0vAOO"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/acp-25-2123-2025_references_DOI_9SVbaLCxtXZ74VkdyYIX5K0vAOO"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/acp-20-16023-2020_references_DOI_9SVbaLCxtXZ74VkdyYIX5K0vAOO"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/gmd-17-2387-2024_references_DOI_9SVbaLCxtXZ74VkdyYIX5K0vAOO"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5194/acp-24-5287-2024_references_DOI_9SVbaLCxtXZ74VkdyYIX5K0vAOO"}]}