{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670318699050496.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1002/aenm.202000283"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/aenm.202000283"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/aenm.202000283"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/aenm.202000283"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Revealing the Intercalation Mechanisms of Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium in Hard Carbon"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Hard carbon is the most promising anode material for sodium‐ion batteries and potassium‐ion batteries owing to its high stability, widespread availability, low‐cost, and excellent performance. Understanding the carrier‐ion storage mechanism is a prerequisite for developing high‐performance electrode materials; however, the underlying ion storage mechanism in hard carbon has been a topic of debate because of its complex structure. Herein, it is demonstrated that the Li<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>‐, Na<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>‐, and K<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>‐ion storage mechanisms in hard carbon are based on the adsorption of ions on the surface of active sites (e.g., defects, edges, and residual heteroatoms) in the sloping voltage region, followed by intercalation into the graphitic layers in the low‐voltage plateau region. At a low current density of 3 mA g<jats:sup>–1</jats:sup>, the graphitic layers of hard carbon are unlocked to permit Li<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>‐ion intercalation, resulting in a plateau region in the lithium‐ion batteries. To gain insights into the ion storage mechanism, experimental observations including various ex situ techniques, a constant‐current constant‐voltage method, and diffusivity measurements are correlated with the theoretical estimation of changes in carbon structures and insertion voltages during ion insertion obtained using the density functional theory.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318699050624","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Stevanus Alvin"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT) Sungkyunkwan University  2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐gu Suwon Gyeonggi‐do 16419 Republic of Korea"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318699050499","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Handi Setiadi Cahyadi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT) Sungkyunkwan University  2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐gu Suwon Gyeonggi‐do 16419 Republic of Korea"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318699050498","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jieun Hwang"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"School of Mechanical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University  2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐gu Suwon Gyeonggi‐do 16419 Republic of Korea"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318699050625","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Wonyoung Chang"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Center for Energy Storage Research Korea Institute of Science and Technology  Hwarang‐ro 14‐gil 5, Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318699050497","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Sang Kyu Kwak"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology  50 Unist‐gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318699050496","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jaehoon Kim"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT) Sungkyunkwan University  2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐gu Suwon Gyeonggi‐do 16419 Republic of Korea"},{"@value":"School of Mechanical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University  2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐gu Suwon Gyeonggi‐do 16419 Republic of Korea"},{"@value":"School of Chemical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University  2066 Seobu‐ro, Jangan‐gu Suwon Gyeonggi‐do 16419 Republic of Korea"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"16146832"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"16146840"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Advanced Energy Materials"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Wiley"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2020-04-15","prism:volume":"10","prism:number":"20","prism:startingPage":"2000283"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/aenm.202000283"},{"@id":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/aenm.202000283"},{"@id":"https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/aenm.202000283"}],"createdAt":"2020-04-16","modifiedAt":"2025-10-07","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360023718185450880","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"High-conductivity, low-temperature sintering-compatible NASICON solid electrolyte for enhanced compositing with hard carbon electrode in all-solid-state batteries"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360853567442915328","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"<sup>23</sup>Na Solid‐State NMR Analyses for Na‐Ion Batteries and Materials"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360861705587556480","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Macro‐ and Nano‐Porous 3D‐Hierarchical Carbon Lattices for Extraordinarily High Capacitance Supercapacitors"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/aenm.202000283"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/batt.202000295_references_DOI_LK33F1CSR5XkZFwsFEP7uu4ZD9M"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/adfm.202201544_references_DOI_LK33F1CSR5XkZFwsFEP7uu4ZD9M"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1039/d4ta07954j_references_DOI_LK33F1CSR5XkZFwsFEP7uu4ZD9M"}]}