{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670318929518208.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1098/rsob.190215"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsob.190215"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full-xml/10.1098/rsob.190215"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Lignin biosynthesis: old roads revisited and new roads explored"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>Lignin is a major component of secondarily thickened plant cell walls and is considered to be the second most abundant biopolymer on the planet. At one point believed to be the product of a highly controlled polymerization procedure involving just three potential monomeric components (monolignols), it is becoming increasingly clear that the composition of lignin is quite flexible. Furthermore, the biosynthetic pathways to the major monolignols also appear to exhibit flexibility, particularly as regards the early reactions leading to the formation of caffeic acid from coumaric acid. The operation of parallel pathways to caffeic acid occurring at the level of shikimate esters or free acids may help provide robustness to the pathway under different physiological conditions. Several features of the pathway also appear to link monolignol biosynthesis to both generation and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, one of the oxidants responsible for creating monolignol radicals for polymerization in the apoplast. Monolignol transport to the apoplast is not well understood. It may involve passive diffusion, although this may be targeted to sites of lignin initiation/polymerization by ordered complexes of both biosynthetic enzymes on the cytosolic side of the plasma membrane and structural anchoring of proteins for monolignol oxidation and polymerization on the apoplastic side. We present several hypothetical models to illustrate these ideas and stimulate further research. These are based primarily on studies in model systems, which may or may not reflect the major lignification process in forest trees.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318929518208","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Richard A. Dixon"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Hagler Institute for Advanced Studies and Department of Biological Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"},{"@value":"BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311428, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670318929518209","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jaime Barros"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311428, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"20462441"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Open Biology"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"The Royal Society"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2019-12","prism:volume":"9","prism:number":"12","prism:startingPage":"190215"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://royalsociety.org/journals/ethics-policies/data-sharing-mining/"],"url":[{"@id":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsob.190215"},{"@id":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full-xml/10.1098/rsob.190215"}],"createdAt":"2019-12-04","modifiedAt":"2021-02-21","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050290473053477632","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Localized laccase activity modulates distribution of lignin polymers in gymnosperm compression wood"},{"@value":"Localised laccase activity modulates distribution of lignin polymers in gymnosperm compression wood"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360017280652653440","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal 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