{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670319261276160.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1126/science.1160606"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1160606"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Flood or Drought: How Do Aerosols Affect Precipitation?"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>Aerosols serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and thus have a substantial effect on cloud properties and the initiation of precipitation. Large concentrations of human-made aerosols have been reported to both decrease and increase rainfall as a result of their radiative and CCN activities. At one extreme, pristine tropical clouds with low CCN concentrations rain out too quickly to mature into long-lived clouds. On the other hand, heavily polluted clouds evaporate much of their water before precipitation can occur, if they can form at all given the reduced surface heating resulting from the aerosol haze layer. We propose a conceptual model that explains this apparent dichotomy.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319261276160","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Daniel Rosenfeld"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel."},{"@value":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland."},{"@value":"Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico."},{"@value":"School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Environmental Change Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland."},{"@value":"Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319261276165","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ulrike Lohmann"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel."},{"@value":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland."},{"@value":"Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico."},{"@value":"School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Environmental Change Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland."},{"@value":"Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319261276032","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Graciela B. Raga"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel."},{"@value":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland."},{"@value":"Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico."},{"@value":"School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Environmental Change Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland."},{"@value":"Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319261276163","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Colin D. O'Dowd"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel."},{"@value":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland."},{"@value":"Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico."},{"@value":"School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Environmental Change Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland."},{"@value":"Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319261276161","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Markku Kulmala"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel."},{"@value":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland."},{"@value":"Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico."},{"@value":"School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Environmental Change Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland."},{"@value":"Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319261276164","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Sandro Fuzzi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel."},{"@value":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland."},{"@value":"Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico."},{"@value":"School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Environmental Change Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland."},{"@value":"Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319261276162","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Anni Reissell"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel."},{"@value":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland."},{"@value":"Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico."},{"@value":"School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Environmental Change Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland."},{"@value":"Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319261276033","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Meinrat O. Andreae"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel."},{"@value":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland."},{"@value":"Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico."},{"@value":"School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Environmental Change Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland."},{"@value":"Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland."}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00368075"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"10959203"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Science"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2008-09-05","prism:volume":"321","prism:number":"5894","prism:startingPage":"1309","prism:endingPage":"1313"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1160606"}],"createdAt":"2008-09-07","modifiedAt":"2024-01-10","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050298588047248256","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Response of high-altitude clouds to the galactic cosmic ray cycles in tropical regions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050305488936163200","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Water Solubility Distribution of Organic Matter Accounts for the Discrepancy in Hygroscopicity among Sub- and Supersaturated Humidity 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