{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670319324676352.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1111/epi.13200"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fepi.13200"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/epi.13200"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Diagnostic methods and treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p>Our inability to adequately treat many patients with refractory epilepsy caused by focal cortical dysplasia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FCD</jats:styled-content>), surgical inaccessibility and failures are significant clinical drawbacks. The targeting of physiologic features of epileptogenesis in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FCD</jats:styled-content> and colocalizing functionality has enhanced completeness of surgical resection, the main determinant of outcome. Electroencephalography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG</jats:styled-content>)–functional magnetic resonance imaging (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI</jats:styled-content>) and magnetoencephalography are helpful in guiding electrode implantation and surgical treatment, and high‐frequency oscillations help defining the extent of the epileptogenic dysplasia. Ultra high‐field <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI</jats:styled-content> has a role in understanding the laminar organization of the cortex, and fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FDG</jats:styled-content>‐<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PET</jats:styled-content>) is highly sensitive for detecting <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FCD</jats:styled-content> in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI</jats:styled-content>‐negative cases. Multimodal imaging is clinically valuable, either by improving the rate of postoperative seizure freedom or by reducing postoperative deficits. However, there is no level 1 evidence that it improves outcomes. Proof for a specific effect of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FCD</jats:styled-content> is lacking. Pathogenic mutations recently described in mammalian target of rapamycin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mTOR</jats:styled-content>) genes in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FCD</jats:styled-content> have yielded important insights into novel treatment options with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mTOR</jats:styled-content> inhibitors, which might represent an example of personalized treatment of epilepsy based on the known mechanisms of disease. The ketogenic diet (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KD</jats:styled-content>) has been demonstrated to be particularly effective in children with epilepsy caused by structural abnormalities, especially <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FCD</jats:styled-content>. It attenuates epigenetic chromatin modifications, a master regulator for gene expression and functional adaptation of the cell, thereby modifying disease progression. This could imply lasting benefit of dietary manipulation. Neurostimulation techniques have produced variable clinical outcomes in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FCD</jats:styled-content>. In widespread dysplasias, vagus nerve stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VNS</jats:styled-content>) has achieved responder rates >50%; however, the efficacy of noninvasive cranial nerve stimulation modalities such as transcutaneous VNS (tVNS) and noninvasive (nVNS) requires further study. Although review of current strategies underscores the serious shortcomings of treatment‐resistant cases, initial evidence from novel approaches suggests that future success is possible.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676363","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Renzo Guerrini"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Pediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories Children's Hospital Meyer‐University of Florence Florence Italy"},{"@value":"IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation Pisa Italy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676356","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Michael Duchowny"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Neuroscience Program and the Comprehensive Epilepsy Center Miami Children's Hospital Miami Florida U.S.A"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676360","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Prasanna Jayakar"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Neurology Miami Children's Hospital Miami Florida U.S.A"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676366","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Pavel Krsek"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Pediatric Neurology 2nd Faculty of Medicine Motol University Hospital Charles University Prague Czech Republic"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676367","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Philippe Kahane"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"INSERM U836 University of Grenoble Alpes, GIN Grenoble France"},{"@value":"Epilepsy Unit Michallon Hospital Grenoble France"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676365","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Laura Tassi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Epilepsy Surgery Center Niguarda Hospital Milan Italy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676362","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Federico Melani"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Pediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories Children's Hospital Meyer‐University of Florence Florence Italy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676354","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Tilman Polster"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Child Neurology Bethel Epilepsy Center Bielefeld Germany"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676485","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Véronique M. Andre"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"UCB Pharma, Neurosciences Therapeutic Area Braine‐l'Alleud Belgium"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676358","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Carlos Cepeda"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center David Geffen School of Medicine University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California U.S.A"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676364","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Darcy A. Krueger"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Division of Neurology Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio U.S.A"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676481","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. Helen Cross"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"UCL‐Institute of Child Health Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust London United Kingdom"},{"@value":"Young Epilepsy Lingfield United Kingdom"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676480","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Roberto Spreafico"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit Neurological InstituteC. Besta” Milan Italy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676355","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Mirco Cosottini"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery University of Pisa Pisa Italy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676483","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jean Gotman"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676361","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Francine Chassoux"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Epilepsy Unit Sainte‐Anne Hospital Paris France"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676486","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Philippe Ryvlin"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences CHUV Lausanne Switzerland"},{"@value":"Translational and Integrative Group in Epilepsy Research (TIGER) and Institute for Epilepsies (IDEE) Lyon's Neuroscience Center INSERM U1028 CNRS 5292 UCBL Le Vinatier Hospital Bron Lyon France"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676482","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Fabrice Bartolomei"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Faculty of Medicine INSERM, U1106 Institute of Neurosciences of Systems Marseille France"},{"@value":"Faculty of Medicine Aix Marseille University Marseille France"},{"@value":"Clinical Neurophysiology Unit Department of Clinical Neurosciences CHU Timone Marseille France"},{"@value":"Henri‐Gastaut Hospital Saint‐Paul Center Marseille France"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676353","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Andrea Bernasconi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory McConnell Brain Imaging Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676484","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Hermann Stefan"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Epilepsy Center Erlangen (ZEE) University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676352","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ian Miller"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Epilepsy Program Brain Institute Miami Children's Hospital Miami Florida U.S.A"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676357","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Bertrand Devaux"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Neurosurgery Department Sainte‐Anne Hospital Paris France"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676370","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Imad Najm"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Epilepsy Center Neurological Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland OH U.S.A"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676368","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Flavio Giordano"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Pediatric Neurosurgery Unit Children's Hospital Meyer‐University of Florence Florence Italy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676369","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Kristl Vonck"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology Department of Neurology Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676359","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Carmen Barba"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Pediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories Children's Hospital Meyer‐University of Florence Florence Italy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319324676487","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ingmar Blumcke"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Neuropathology University Hospital Erlangen Erlangen Germany"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00139580"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15281167"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Epilepsia"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Wiley"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2015-10-05","prism:volume":"56","prism:number":"11","prism:startingPage":"1669","prism:endingPage":"1686"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fepi.13200"},{"@id":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/epi.13200"}],"createdAt":"2015-10-05","modifiedAt":"2023-09-17","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360009142441036288","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Focal cortical dysplasia imaging discrepancies between MRI and FDG-PET: Unique association with temporal lobe location"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360286991727605760","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Widespread interictal epileptic discharge more likely than focal discharges to unveil the seizure onset zone in EEG-fMRI"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360568619563775104","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Subsecond EEG-fMRI analysis for presurgical evaluation in focal epilepsy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360853567468234880","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Clinical evaluation of neuroinflammation in child-onset focal epilepsy: a translocator protein PET study"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360857593706578944","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Sirolimus for epileptic seizures associated with focal cortical dysplasia type <scp>II</scp>"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1111/epi.13200"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.seizure.2020.08.017_references_DOI_3Sz45wqw0zl0N0IU3gUCtxT9EIc"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.clinph.2018.12.014_references_DOI_3Sz45wqw0zl0N0IU3gUCtxT9EIc"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s12974-020-02055-1_references_DOI_3Sz45wqw0zl0N0IU3gUCtxT9EIc"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.3171/2020.1.jns192567_references_DOI_3Sz45wqw0zl0N0IU3gUCtxT9EIc"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/acn3.51505_references_DOI_3Sz45wqw0zl0N0IU3gUCtxT9EIc"}]}