{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670319546279552.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1029/2001jd900188"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2001JD900188"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2001JD900188"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Nonequilibrium coexistence of solid and liquid particles in Arctic stratospheric clouds"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>Observations of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) from Ny Ålesund, Spitsbergen, have been examined to quantify the occurrence of solid particles. The polarized backscatter ratio was found to be a more sensitive indicator of the presence of non‐spherical (solid) particles in a PSC than the aerosol depolarization, which approaches zero for clouds containing a large volume of liquid droplets. The analysis corroborates our previous finding that type Ia PSCs cannot be composed of nitric acid trihydrate particles in equilibrium with the gas phase, which would lead to a much too high backscatter ratio. Conversely, type Ib PSCs, previously thought to be composed solely of liquid droplets, often contain a very small fraction of solid particles. These clouds develop a high parallel backscatter, arising from Mie scattering by droplets, and a nonvanishing perpendicular signal due to the few solid particles. Other type Ib PSCs appear to contain only liquid particles. The mixed liquid/solid clouds are observed on the smallest spatial and temporal scale resolvable by the lidar instrument (30 m, l min), implying that their properties are not a result of spatial averaging of different cloud types. Comparison of the observations with optical calculations shows that such nonequilibrium particle distributions are to be expected, as temperature changes are sufficiently rapid to prevent the particles from assuming equilibrium sizes. The observed optical characteristics of type Ia and type Ib clouds can be reproduced in a model by assuming that a very small fraction of the particles are composed of nitric acid hydrate, with the majority being binary H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>SO<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>/H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O or ternary HNO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>/H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>SO<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>/H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O droplets.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319546279557","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. Biele"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319546279552","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"A. Tsias"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319546279558","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"B. P. Luo"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319546279556","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"K. S. Carslaw"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319546279554","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. Neuber"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319546279553","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"G. Beyerle"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319546279555","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"T. Peter"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"01480227"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2001-10","prism:volume":"106","prism:number":"D19","prism:startingPage":"22991","prism:endingPage":"23007"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2001JD900188"},{"@id":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2001JD900188"}],"createdAt":"2004-02-04","modifiedAt":"2023-09-23","foaf:topic":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Paleontology","dc:title":"Paleontology"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Space%20and%20Planetary%20Science","dc:title":"Space and Planetary Science"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Earth%20and%20Planetary%20Sciences%20(miscellaneous)","dc:title":"Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Atmospheric%20Science","dc:title":"Atmospheric Science"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Earth-Surface%20Processes","dc:title":"Earth-Surface Processes"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Geochemistry%20and%20Petrology","dc:title":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Soil%20Science","dc:title":"Soil Science"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Water%20Science%20and%20Technology","dc:title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Ecology","dc:title":"Ecology"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Aquatic%20Science","dc:title":"Aquatic Science"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Forestry","dc:title":"Forestry"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Oceanography","dc:title":"Oceanography"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=Geophysics","dc:title":"Geophysics"}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848657381392256","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Comparative analysis of measurements of stratospheric aerosol by lidar and aerosol sonde above Ny-Ålesund in the winter of 1995 [Comparative analysis of lidar and OPC observations]"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206500689024","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Lidar Observations of Polar Stratospheric Clouds over Ny-Aalesund in the Winters of 1994/95-1996/97: Impact of the Temperature and the Temperature History on the PSC Structure"},{"@value":"Lidar observations of polar stratospheric clouds over Ny-Ålesund in the winters of 1994/95-1996/97: impact of the temperature and the temperature history on the PSC structure"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282681478091392","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The Mixing State of Polar Stratospheric Cloud Particles in \"Sandwich Structure\" Observed by Lidar 2. Numerical Simulations of the Optical Properties of the Liquid and Solid Particles with External Mixture of STS and NAT Particles"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"Mixing State of Polar Stratospheric Cloud Particles in Sandwich Structure Observed by Lidar 2 Numerical Simulations of the Optical Properties of the Liquid and Solid Particles with External Mixture of STS and NAT Particles"},{"@value":"2. Numerical Simulations of the Optical Properties of the Liquid and Solid Particles with External Mixture of STS and NAT Particles(The Mixing State of Polar Stratospheric Cloud Particles in \\\\\"Sandwich Structure\\\\\" Observed by Lidar)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282681478094208","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The Mixing State of Polar Stratospheric Cloud Particles in \"Sandwich Structure\" Observed by Lidar 1. Determination of the Mixing State of PSC Particles"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"Mixing State of Polar Stratospheric Cloud Particles in Sandwich Structure Observed by Lidar 1 Determination of the Mixing State of PSC Particles"},{"@value":"1. Determination of the Mixing State of PSC Particles(The Mixing State of Polar Stratospheric Cloud Particles in \"Sandwich Structure\" Observed by Lidar)"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2001jd900188"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.81.759_references_DOI_K7Bqmpp0SKwRihWLnVD9kVWVL8L"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.81.747_references_DOI_K7Bqmpp0SKwRihWLnVD9kVWVL8L"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.81.1457_references_DOI_K7Bqmpp0SKwRihWLnVD9kVWVL8L"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.polar.2011.08.003_references_DOI_K7Bqmpp0SKwRihWLnVD9kVWVL8L"}]}