{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670319610255104.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1126/science.1058913"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1058913"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"PMID","@value":"11239148"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"On Atmospheric Loss of Oxygen Ions from Earth Through Magnetospheric Processes"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>\n            In Earth's environment, the observed polar outflow rate for O\n            <jats:sup>+</jats:sup>\n            ions, the main source of oxygen above gravitational escape energy, corresponds to the loss of ∼18% of the present-day atmospheric oxygen over 3 billion years. However, part of this apparent loss can actually be returned to the atmosphere. Examining loss rates of four escape routes with high-altitude spacecraft observations, we show that the total oxygen loss rate inferred from current knowledge is about one order of magnitude smaller than the polar O\n            <jats:sup>+</jats:sup>\n            outflow rate. This disagreement suggests that there may be a substantial return flux from the magnetosphere to the low-latitude ionosphere. Then the net oxygen loss over 3 billion years drops to ∼2% of the current atmospheric oxygen content.\n          </jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380013168736811271","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"K. Seki"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan."},{"@value":"NIS-1, MS D466, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319610255106","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. C. Elphic"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"NIS-1, MS D466, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319610255104","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. Hirahara"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Toshima, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319610255108","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"T. Terasawa"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319610255107","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"T. Mukai"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan."}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00368075"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"10959203"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Science"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2001-03-09","prism:volume":"291","prism:number":"5510","prism:startingPage":"1939","prism:endingPage":"1941"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1058913"}],"createdAt":"2002-07-27","modifiedAt":"2024-01-09","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050002213030547072","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Characteristics of CME‐and CIR‐Driven Ion Upflowsin the Polar Ionosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360290617656730496","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effects of the IMF Direction on Atmospheric Escape From a Mars‐like Planet Under Weak Intrinsic Magnetic Field Conditions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567183245170432","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effects of a Weak Intrinsic Magnetic Field on Atmospheric Escape From Mars"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360584340523039232","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A plasma irradiation system optimized for space weathering of solar system bodies"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360846640867252096","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evaluation of isotopic fractionation of oxygen ions escaping from terrestrial thermosphere"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848654733876224","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Limited impact of escaping photoelectrons on the terrestrial polar wind flux in the polar cap"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361975843010221824","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effects of an Intrinsic Magnetic Field on Ion Loss From Ancient Mars Based on Multispecies MHD Simulations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2050025942153241088","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"In situ observations of ions and magnetic field around Phobos : the mass spectrum analyzer (MSA) for the Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1126/science.1058913"},{"@type":"OPENAIRE","@value":"doi_dedup___::0eefaf16c65a25d659d60a3a92ca7b74"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2018ja025870_references_DOI_Zu69OwgvXHg4RuKu2LtaEpdQ2cd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40623-021-01452-x_references_DOI_Zu69OwgvXHg4RuKu2LtaEpdQ2cd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2020ja028485_references_DOI_Zu69OwgvXHg4RuKu2LtaEpdQ2cd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2018gl079972_references_DOI_Zu69OwgvXHg4RuKu2LtaEpdQ2cd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40623-023-01900-w_references_DOI_Zu69OwgvXHg4RuKu2LtaEpdQ2cd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2659414/v1_references_DOI_Zu69OwgvXHg4RuKu2LtaEpdQ2cd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/2015gl063452_references_DOI_Zu69OwgvXHg4RuKu2LtaEpdQ2cd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.gca.2012.02.010_references_DOI_Zu69OwgvXHg4RuKu2LtaEpdQ2cd"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2019ja026945_references_DOI_Zu69OwgvXHg4RuKu2LtaEpdQ2cd"}]}