{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670319687952896.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1126/science.1183445"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1183445"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"PMID","@value":"20203036"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Geodynamo, Solar Wind, and Magnetopause 3.4 to 3.45 Billion Years Ago"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Early Origin of Earth's Magnetic Field</jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Earth's magnetic field protects us from stellar winds and radiation from the Sun. Understanding when, during the Earth's formation, the large-scale magnetic field was established is important because it impacts understanding of the young Earth's atmosphere and exosphere. By analyzing ancient silicate crystals,\n            <jats:bold>\n              Tarduno\n              <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic>\n            </jats:bold>\n            (p.\n            <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" page=\"1238\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"327\" xlink:href=\"10.1126/science.1183445\">1238</jats:related-article>\n            ; see the Perspective by\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" issue=\"5970\" page=\"1206\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"327\" xlink:href=\"10.1126/science.1187051\">Jardine</jats:related-article>\n            </jats:bold>\n            ) demonstrate that the Earth's magnetic field existed 3.4 to 3.45 billion years ago, pushing back the oldest record of geomagnetic field strength by 200 million years. This result combined with estimates of the conditions within the solar wind at that time implies that the size of the paleomagnetosphere was about half of that typical today, but with an auroral oval of about three times the area. The smaller magnetosphere and larger auroral oval would have promoted loss of volatiles and water from the early atmosphere.\n          </jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319687952768","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"John A. Tarduno"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"@value":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319687952901","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Rory D. Cottrell"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319687952903","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Michael K. Watkeys"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"School of Geological Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319687952900","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Axel Hofmann"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"School of Geological Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319687952898","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Pavel V. Doubrovine"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"@value":"Physics of Geological Processes, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319687952899","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Eric E. Mamajek"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319687952769","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Dunji Liu"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Beijing SHRIMP Centre, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 26 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037, China."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319687952896","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"David G. Sibeck"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Code 674, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319687952897","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Levi P. Neukirch"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319687952902","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yoichi Usui"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA."},{"@value":"Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan."}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00368075"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"10959203"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Science"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2010-03-05","prism:volume":"327","prism:number":"5970","prism:startingPage":"1238","prism:endingPage":"1240"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1183445"}],"createdAt":"2010-03-04","modifiedAt":"2024-01-10","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050020209660477056","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"A brief review of single silicate crystal paleointensity: rock-magnetic characteristics, mineralogical backgrounds, methods and applications"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050583159613899776","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Paleomagnetic studies on single crystals separated from the middle Cretaceous Iritono 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