{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670319866020992.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1175/jas3535.1"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://journals.ametsoc.org/jas/article-pdf/62/9/3065/3484788/jas3535_1.pdf"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"NAID","@value":"30022362253"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"A Multimoment Bulk Microphysics Parameterization. Part II: A Proposed Three-Moment Closure and Scheme Description"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Many two-moment bulk schemes use a three-parameter gamma distribution of the form N(D) = N0Dαe−λD to describe the size spectrum of a given hydrometeor category. These schemes predict changes to the mass content and the total number concentration thereby allowing N0 and λ to vary as prognostic parameters while fixing the shape parameter, α. As was shown in Part I of this study, the shape parameter, which represents the relative dispersion of the hydrometeor size spectrum, plays an important role in the computation of sedimentation and instantaneous growth rates in bulk microphysics schemes. Significant improvement was shown by allowing α to vary as a diagnostic function of the predicted moments rather than using a fixed-value approach. Ideally, however, α should be an independent prognostic parameter.</jats:p>\n               <jats:p>In this paper, a closure formulation is developed for calculating the source and sink terms of a third moment of the size distribution—the radar reflectivity. With predictive equations for the mass content, total number concentration, and radar reflectivity, α becomes a fully prognostic variable and a three-moment parameterization becomes feasible. A new bulk microphysics scheme is presented and described. The full version of the scheme predicts three moments for all precipitating hydrometeor categories.</jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Simulations of an idealized hailstorm in the context of a 1D kinematic cloud model employing the one-moment, two-moment, and three-moment versions of the scheme are compared. The vertical distribution of the hydrometeor mass contents using the two-moment version with diagnostic-α relations are much closer to the three-moment than the one-moment simulation. However, the evolution of the surface precipitation rate is notably different between the three-moment and two-moment schemes.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1583668926186736128","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. A. Milbrandt"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, and Recherche en Prévision Numérique, Meteorological Service of Canada, Dorval, Quebec, Canada"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670319866020993","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. K. Yau"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15200469"},{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00224928"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Meteorological Society"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2005-09-01","prism:volume":"62","prism:number":"9","prism:startingPage":"3065","prism:endingPage":"3081"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"http://journals.ametsoc.org/jas/article-pdf/62/9/3065/3484788/jas3535_1.pdf"}],"createdAt":"2005-10-05","modifiedAt":"2020-12-07","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360013168828758784","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Cloud Microphysics in Global Cloud Resolving Models"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360025033654477056","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Sensitivity of localized heavy rainfall in Northern Japan to WRF physics parameterization schemes"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360025430182077312","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evaluation of the Aggregation Efficiency Modeling at Colder Atmospheric Temperatures in Comparison to Satellite Observations"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285705152404608","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Modal Bin Hybrid Model: A surface area consistent, triple‐moment sectional method for use in process‐oriented modeling of atmospheric aerosols"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360286993150557952","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Confronting the Challenge of Modeling Cloud and Precipitation Microphysics"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360298757411718912","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Parameterization and Explicit Modeling of Cloud Microphysics: Approaches, Challenges, and Future Directions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360306905178214912","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Extreme precipitation modeling and Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) estimation in Chile"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848661487857280","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Modeling of Cloud Microphysics: Can We Do Better?"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001206503353600","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy","isCitedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Cloud Resolving Modeling"},{"@value":"Cloud Resolving Modeling(125th Anniversary Issue of the Meteorological Society of Japan)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390854717431363712","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distributions during Meiyu Season in Mount Lushan, Eastern China"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"中国東部廬山における梅雨期の雨滴粒径分布に見られる特徴"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2051151842089639168","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Non-hydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model : description and development"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1175/jas3535.1"},{"@type":"CIA","@value":"30022362253"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1175/jas-d-23-0208.1_references_AjqZ4oirsGMakX7PiyGgdjIfeHo"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107802_references_DOI_ClK7Zj94WnJXdpz9iLpNJnFcg3o"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-014-0018-1_references_DOI_ClK7Zj94WnJXdpz9iLpNJnFcg3o"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1002/jgrd.50685_references_DOI_ClK7Zj94WnJXdpz9iLpNJnFcg3o"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1029/2019ms001689_references_DOI_ILzufNIExUZ5Smj16BD81T0F8EK"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1080/07055900.2022.2075310_references_DOI_ClK7Zj94WnJXdpz9iLpNJnFcg3o"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1007/s00376-022-2077-3_references_DOI_ClK7Zj94WnJXdpz9iLpNJnFcg3o"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102274_references_DOI_ClK7Zj94WnJXdpz9iLpNJnFcg3o"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.2022-003_references_DOI_ClK7Zj94WnJXdpz9iLpNJnFcg3o"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1175/bams-d-18-0005.1_references_DOI_ClK7Zj94WnJXdpz9iLpNJnFcg3o"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.85b.305_references_DOI_ClK7Zj94WnJXdpz9iLpNJnFcg3o"}]}