{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670320521861632.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1029/2006ja011982"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2006JA011982"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2006JA011982"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Observations of ionospheric convection from the Wallops SuperDARN radar at middle latitudes"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:p>During geomagnetic storms the ability of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) to measure ionospheric convection becomes limited when the radars suffer from absorption and the auroral disturbance expands equatorward of the radar sites. To overcome these shortcomings, it was decided to construct a SuperDARN radar at middle latitudes on the grounds of the NASA Wallops Flight Facility. This paper presents the first comprehensive analysis of Doppler measurements from the Wallops radar, which commenced operations in May 2005. Wallops measurements are compared with the Goose Bay radar during the onset of a geomagnetic storm on 31 August 2005: Goose Bay measured the onset of geomagnetic activity at high latitude while Wallops monitored the expansion of convection to middle latitudes. Average convection patterns binned by the <jats:italic>Kp</jats:italic> geomagnetic index are also presented. During weak‐moderate geomagnetic activity (<jats:italic>Kp</jats:italic> ≤ 3) the Wallops radar observes ionospheric irregularities between 50° and 60° magnetic latitude drifting westward across much of the nightside. When these measurements are incorporated into the calculation of an average SuperDARN convection pattern, the streamlines of polar cap outflow on the nightside become kinked in a manner reminiscent of the Harang discontinuity. This morphology arises quite naturally when the two‐cell convection at high latitudes merges with the prevailing westward convection at middle latitudes. During increased geomagnetic activity (<jats:italic>Kp</jats:italic> ≥ 3), Wallops is able to measure the expansion of auroral electric fields to middle latitudes and the average SuperDARN cross‐polar cap potential is increased by 25%.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380567007856085132","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. B. H. Baker"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Applied Physics Laboratory Johns Hopkins University  Laurel Maryland USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320521861633","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. A. Greenwald"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Applied Physics Laboratory Johns Hopkins University  Laurel Maryland USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320521861632","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. M. Ruohoniemi"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Applied Physics Laboratory Johns Hopkins University  Laurel Maryland USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320521861635","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"K. Oksavik"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Applied Physics Laboratory Johns Hopkins University  Laurel Maryland USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320521861634","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. W. Gjerloev"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Applied Physics Laboratory Johns Hopkins University  Laurel Maryland USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320521861636","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"L. J. Paxton"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Applied Physics Laboratory Johns Hopkins University  Laurel Maryland USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320521861637","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. R. Hairston"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"W. B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences University of Texas at Dallas  Richardson Texas USA"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"01480227"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2007-01","prism:volume":"112","prism:number":"A1","prism:startingPage":"A01303"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F2006JA011982"},{"@id":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2006JA011982"}],"createdAt":"2007-01-19","modifiedAt":"2023-10-31","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050564288161077632","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Theory, Modeling, and Integrated studies in 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radar"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360567183239818368","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Plasma irregularities in the duskside subauroral ionosphere as observed with midlatitude SuperDARN radar in Hokkaido, Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360576118725265536","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Statistical Characteristics of Mid‐Latitude Ionospheric Irregularities at Geomagnetic Quiet Time: Observations From the Jiamusi and Hokkaido East SuperDARN HF Radars"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848658220292480","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Magnetic latitude and local time distributions of ionospheric currents during a geomagnetic storm"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848658223031168","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Global Diagnostics of Ionospheric Absorption During X‐Ray Solar Flares Based on 8‐ to 20‐MHz Noise Measured by Over‐the‐Horizon Radars"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360849943103425152","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Unprecedented Hemispheric Asymmetries During a Surprise Ionospheric Storm: A Game of Drivers"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361131418079563904","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"First Observation of Ionospheric Convection From the Jiamusi HF Radar During a Strong Geomagnetic Storm"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2051151842044692096","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Review of the accomplishments of midlatitude Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF 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