{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670320664268672.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1190/1.2213051"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/seg/geophysics/article-pdf/71/4/T109/3217670/gsgpy_71_4_T109.pdf"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Accuracy of heterogeneous staggered-grid finite-difference modeling of Rayleigh waves"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Heterogeneous finite-difference (FD) modeling assumes that the boundary conditions of the elastic wavefield between material discontinuities are implicitly fulfilled by the distribution of the elastic parameters on the numerical grid. It is widely applied to weak elastic contrasts between geologic formations inside the earth. We test the accuracy at the free surface of the earth. The accuracy for modeling Rayleigh waves using the conventional standard staggered-grid (SSG) and the rotated staggered grid (RSG) is investigated. The accuracy tests reveal that one cannot rely on conventional numerical dispersion discretization criteria. A higher sampling is necessary to obtain acceptable accuracy. In the case of planar free surfaces aligned with the grid, 15 to 30 grid points per minimum wavelength of the Rayleigh wave are required. The widely used explicit boundary condition, the so-called image method, produces similar accuracy and requires approximately half the sampling of the wavefield compared to heterogeneous free-surface modeling. For a free-surface not aligned with the grid (surface topography), the error increases significantly and varies with the dip angle of the interface. For an irregular interface, the RSG scheme is more accurate than the SSG scheme. The RSG scheme, however, requires 60 grid points per minimum wavelength to achieve good accuracy for all dip angles. The high computation requirements for 3D simulations on such fine grids limit the application of heterogenous modeling in the presence of complex surface topography.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320664268673","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Thomas Bohlen"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"1Formerly Universität Kiel, Institute für Geowissenschaften, Geophysik Otto-Hahn-Platz 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany; presently TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institut für Geophysik Gustav-Zeuner-Str. 12, 09596, Freiberg, Germany. E-mail: tbohlen@geophysik.tu-freiberg.de."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320664268672","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Erik H. Saenger"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"2Freie Universität Berlin, Fachrichtung Geophysik, Malteserstrasse 74-100, Building D, 12249 Berlin, Germany. E-mail: saenger@geophysik.fu-berlin.de."}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"19422156"},{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00168033"},{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"https://id.crossref.org/issn/00168033"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Geophysics"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2006-01-01","prism:volume":"71","prism:number":"4","prism:startingPage":"T109","prism:endingPage":"T115"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/seg/geophysics/article-pdf/71/4/T109/3217670/gsgpy_71_4_T109.pdf"}],"createdAt":"2006-08-29","modifiedAt":"2025-12-11","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050001338808296960","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Implementation of Free-Surface Condition for Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method Using a Staggered Grid with the 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collocated grid points of velocities"},{"@value":"Resonant frequency analysis of a Lamé-mode resonator on a quartz plate by the finite-difference time-domain method using the staggered grid with the collocated grid points of velocities"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004231143793664","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Numerical Studies of Effects of Dipping Structures on Horizontal/Vertical Spectral Ratios"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004232027721344","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"FDTD3C—A FORTRAN program to model multi-component seismic waves for vertically heterogeneous attenuative media"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360284921833757696","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Staggered Grid with Collocated Grid Points of Velocities for Modeling Propagation of Elastic Waves in Anisotropic Solids by Finite-Difference Time Domain Method"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285708408132096","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Ambient seafloor noise excited by earthquakes in the Nankai subduction zone"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285711839549568","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"An accuracy analysis of a Hamiltonian particle method with the staggered particles for seismic-wave modeling including surface topography"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848656073732992","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A Hamiltonian Particle Method with a Staggered Particle Technique for Simulating Seismic Wave 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