{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670320979224448.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1073/pnas.1616540113"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://www.pnas.org/syndication/doi/10.1073/pnas.1616540113"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.1616540113"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese haze"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Significance</jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Exceedingly high levels of fine particulate matter (PM) occur frequently in China, but the mechanism of severe haze formation remains unclear. From atmospheric measurements in two Chinese megacities and laboratory experiments, we show that the oxidation of SO\n            <jats:sub>2</jats:sub>\n            by NO\n            <jats:sub>2</jats:sub>\n            occurs efficiently in aqueous media under two polluted conditions: first, during the formation of the 1952 London Fog via in-cloud oxidation; and second, on fine PM with NH\n            <jats:sub>3</jats:sub>\n            neutralization during severe haze in China. We suggest that effective haze mitigation is achievable by intervening in the sulfate formation process with NH\n            <jats:sub>3</jats:sub>\n            and NO\n            <jats:sub>2</jats:sub>\n            emission control measures. Hence, our results explain the outstanding sulfur problem during the historic London Fog formation and elucidate the chemical mechanism of severe haze in China.\n          </jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320979224593","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Gehui Wang"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China;"},{"@value":"Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China;"},{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843;"},{"@value":"Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840;"},{"@value":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320979224581","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Renyi Zhang"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843;"},{"@value":"Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840;"},{"@value":"State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320979224577","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Mario E. Gomez"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843;"},{"@value":"Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840;"},{"@value":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320979224595","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Lingxiao Yang"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843;"},{"@value":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320979224454","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Misti Levy Zamora"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320979224582","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Min Hu"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320979224597","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Yun Lin"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320979224320","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jianfei Peng"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843;"},{"@value":"State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, 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China;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320979224590","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Jianjun Li"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China;"},{"@value":"Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China;"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320979224460","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Chunlei Cheng"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China;"},{"@value":"Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China;"},{"@value":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, 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Molina"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00278424"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"10916490"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2016-11-14","prism:volume":"113","prism:number":"48","prism:startingPage":"13630","prism:endingPage":"13635"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://www.pnas.org/site/misc/userlicense.xhtml"],"url":[{"@id":"http://www.pnas.org/syndication/doi/10.1073/pnas.1616540113"},{"@id":"https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.1616540113"}],"createdAt":"2016-11-15","modifiedAt":"2022-04-13","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050304328088103040","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal 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