{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670320993453696.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1002/2016sw001501"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2F2016SW001501"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2016SW001501"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"HANDLE","@value":"2027.42/138328"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Geomagnetically induced currents: Science, engineering, and applications readiness"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>This paper is the primary deliverable of the very first NASA Living With a Star Institute Working Group, Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GIC) Working Group. The paper provides a broad overview of the current status and future challenges pertaining to the science, engineering, and applications of the GIC problem. Science is understood here as the basic space and Earth sciences research that allows improved understanding and physics‐based modeling of the physical processes behind GIC. Engineering, in turn, is understood here as the “impact” aspect of GIC. Applications are understood as the models, tools, and activities that can provide actionable information to entities such as power systems operators for mitigating the effects of GIC and government agencies for managing any potential consequences from GIC impact to critical infrastructure. Applications can be considered the ultimate goal of our GIC work. In assessing the status of the field, we quantify the readiness of various applications in the mitigation context. We use the Applications Readiness Level (ARL) concept to carry out the quantification.</jats:p>"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1380009142414531477","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"A. Pulkkinen"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453577","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"E. Bernabeu"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"PJM Valley Forge Pennsylvania USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453697","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"A. Thomson"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"British Geological Survey Nottingham UK"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453578","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"A. Viljanen"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki Finland"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453574","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. Pirjola"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki Finland"},{"@value":"Natural Resources Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453571","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"D. Boteler"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Natural Resources Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453568","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. Eichner"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Munich‐Re Munich Germany"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453579","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"P. J. Cilliers"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"South African National Space Agency Pretoria South Africa"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453701","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"D. Welling"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453580","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"N. P. Savani"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Goddard Planetary Heliophysics Institute University of Maryland, Baltimore County Baltimore Maryland USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453698","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. S. Weigel"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Department of Physics and Astronomy George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453702","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. J. Love"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"U.S. Geological Survey Golden Colorado USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453703","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"C. Balch"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center Boulder Colorado USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453576","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"C. M. Ngwira"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA"},{"@value":"Institute for Astrophysics and Computational Sciences Catholic University of America Washington District of Columbia USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453700","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"G. Crowley"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Atmospheric and Space Technology Research Associates LLC Boulder Colorado USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453699","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"A. Schultz"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Institute for Energy Resources and Resilience Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453696","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"R. Kataoka"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"National Institute of Polar Research Tokyo Japan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453572","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"B. Anderson"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel Maryland USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453575","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"D. Fugate"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Electric Research and Management, Inc. Cabot Pennsylvania USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453570","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"J. J. Simpson"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@value":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670320993453573","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"M. 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