{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670321065279872.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.3847/1538-4357/aa9380"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/850/i=1/a=29/pdf"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/850/i=1/a=29?key=crossref.d70364212db2410bff6d6adfb4d0256e"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aa9380"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aa9380/pdf"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Electron and Proton Heating in Transrelativistic Magnetic Reconnection"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hot collisionless accretion flows, such as the one in Sgr A* at our Galactic center, provide a unique setting for the investigation of magnetic reconnection. Here protons are nonrelativistic, while electrons can be ultrarelativistic. By means of 2D particle-in-cell simulations, we investigate electron and proton heating in the outflows of transrelativistic reconnection (i.e., <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:tex-math>\n\n</jats:tex-math>\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:msub>\n                           <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>\n                           </mml:mrow>\n                           <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>w</mml:mi>\n                           </mml:mrow>\n                        </mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mn>0.1</mml:mn>\n                        <mml:mo>–</mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>\n                     </mml:math>\n                     <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"apjaa9380ieqn1.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"/>\n                  </jats:inline-formula>, where the magnetization <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:tex-math>\n\n</jats:tex-math>\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:msub>\n                           <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>\n                           </mml:mrow>\n                           <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>w</mml:mi>\n                           </mml:mrow>\n                        </mml:msub>\n                     </mml:math>\n                     <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"apjaa9380ieqn2.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"/>\n                  </jats:inline-formula> is the ratio of magnetic energy density to enthalpy density). For both electrons and protons, we find that heating at high <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:tex-math>\n\n</jats:tex-math>\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:msub>\n                           <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>β</mml:mi>\n                           </mml:mrow>\n                           <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">i</mml:mi>\n                           </mml:mrow>\n                        </mml:msub>\n                     </mml:math>\n                     <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"apjaa9380ieqn3.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"/>\n                  </jats:inline-formula> (here <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:tex-math>\n\n</jats:tex-math>\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:msub>\n                           <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>β</mml:mi>\n                           </mml:mrow>\n                           <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">i</mml:mi>\n                           </mml:mrow>\n                        </mml:msub>\n                     </mml:math>\n                     <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"apjaa9380ieqn4.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"/>\n                  </jats:inline-formula> is the ratio of proton thermal pressure to magnetic pressure) is dominated by adiabatic compression (“adiabatic heating”), while at low <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:tex-math>\n\n</jats:tex-math>\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:msub>\n                           <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>β</mml:mi>\n                           </mml:mrow>\n                           <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">i</mml:mi>\n                           </mml:mrow>\n                        </mml:msub>\n                     </mml:math>\n                     <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"apjaa9380ieqn5.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"/>\n                  </jats:inline-formula> it is accompanied by a genuine increase in entropy (“irreversible heating”). For our fiducial <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:tex-math>\n\n</jats:tex-math>\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:msub>\n                           <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>\n                           </mml:mrow>\n                           <mml:mrow>\n                     ..."}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670321065279874","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Michael E. Rowan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670321065279873","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Lorenzo Sironi"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383670321065279872","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Ramesh Narayan"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"0004637X"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"15384357"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"The Astrophysical Journal"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"American Astronomical Society"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2017-11-14","prism:volume":"850","prism:number":"1","prism:startingPage":"29"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["https://iopscience.iop.org/page/copyright","https://iopscience.iop.org/info/page/text-and-data-mining"],"url":[{"@id":"http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/850/i=1/a=29/pdf"},{"@id":"http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/850/i=1/a=29?key=crossref.d70364212db2410bff6d6adfb4d0256e"},{"@id":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aa9380"},{"@id":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aa9380/pdf"}],"createdAt":"2017-11-14","modifiedAt":"2024-01-10","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004239676588672","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Size, Shape, and Scattering of Sagittarius A* at 86 GHz: First VLBI with ALMA"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360009142476485120","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"High-energy Neutrino and Gamma-Ray Emission from Tidal Disruption Events"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360009142901243648","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. 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