{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951793552242560.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1002/adsc.201500846"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fadsc.201500846"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adsc.201500846"}}],"dc:title":[{"@value":"Why Does Industry Not Use Immobilized Transition Metal Complexes as Catalysts?"}],"description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@value":"AbstractMuch effort has gone into the immobilization of homogeneous catalysts based on the idea that in this way the catalysts could be not only separated more easily from the product but also reused several times, thus reducing the cost of the catalyst use. So far none of these immobilized catalysts have been used by industry. In this article we critically review the use of immobilized homogeneous catalysts from the point of view of process development for the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industry. The first and foremost question that needs to be answered is: will immobilizing a homogeneous catalyst really lead to lower costs? The answer is thus far always no. This is caused mostly by the fact that homogeneous catalysts are not stable and thus there is little point in immobilizing them. The second reason is the extra added cost that is incurred in immobilizing the catalysts. Other problems are lower rates, sometimes lower selectivities and metal leaching. Three different areas are discussed. The research on immobilized metathesis catalysts is analyzed in detail; in general the immobilized catalysts do not achieve sufficient turnovers to be interesting for industrial use. Very many publications have appeared on immobilized palladium catalysts that were used for CC bond‐forming reactions, such as Suzuki, Heck or Sonogashira reactions. These catalysts are invariably converted to nanoparticles after the first run. Although these catalysts can be reused, there is no reason to use an expensive support based on immobilized ligands. This also does not protect the product from palladium contamination. Even more effort has gone into the immobilization of homogeneous hydrogenation catalysts. Most of these catalysts suffer from the same problems as the other immobilized catalysts: catalyst deactivation, low turnover numbers, and leaching of the metal. In addition, the heterogenization adds complexity to the system, increasing risk and prolonging process development.magnified image"}]}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383951793552242560","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Sandra Hübner"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383951793552242561","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Johannes G. de Vries"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1383951793552242562","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@value":"Vittorio Farina"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"16154150"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"16154169"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@value":"Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@value":"Wiley"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2015-12-17","prism:volume":"358","prism:number":"1","prism:startingPage":"3","prism:endingPage":"25"},"reviewed":"false","dc:rights":["http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"],"url":[{"@id":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fadsc.201500846"},{"@id":"https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adsc.201500846"}],"createdAt":"2015-12-17","modifiedAt":"2025-10-06","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050300379701181696","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Continuous-Flow Catalysis Using Phosphine-Metal Complexes on Porous Polymers: Designing Ligands, Pores, and Reactors"},{"@value":"Continuous‐Flow Catalysis Using Phosphine‐Metal Complexes on Porous Polymers: Designing Ligands, Pores, and Reactors"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050582252660264832","@type":"Article","resourceType":"レビュー論文(review article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Enhanced Catalysis Based on the Surface Environment of the Silica-Supported Metal Complex"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004229883144576","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Computationally‐Led Ligand Modification using Interplay between Theory and Experiments: Highly Active Chiral Rhodium Catalyst Controlled by Electronic Effects and CH–π Interactions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360005518512270080","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Heterogeneous Rh and Rh/Ag bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts immobilized on chiral polymers"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360009142885726592","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Hydrogen Production from Methanol‐Water Mixture over Immobilized Iridium Complex Catalysts in Vapor‐Phase Flow Reaction"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285708125753856","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Chiral Ligand-Modified Metal Nanoparticles as Unique Catalysts for Asymmetric C–C Bond-Forming Reactions: How Are Active Species Generated?"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360294643834766464","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Silica–Polystyrene Hybrid Core/Shell Microparticles of Rhodium–Chiral Diene Complexes as Catalysts for Asymmetric 1,4-Addition 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