Metal Vapour in Atmospheric-Pressure Arcs

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Metal vapour plays an important role in many applications of atmospheric-pressure arcs. For example, in gas-metal arc welding, metal vapour, formed mainly by evaporation of the wire electrode, can reach a mole fraction of over 0.5, and strongly affects the arc temperature and the weld penetration. In low-voltage circuit breakers, metal vapour is formed by evaporation of the electrodes (runners) and the splitter plates, and can strongly influence the motion of the arc as it enters the splitter plates. Experimental and modelling results on the influence of metal vapour in gas-tungsten arc welding, gas-metal arc welding and low-voltage circuit breakers are reviewed. The effects of the metal vapour are explained in terms of its influence on the transport and radiative properties of the plasma.

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