{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282679214744704.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.5026/jgeography.126.455"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"NDL_BIB_ID","@value":"028514128"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/028514128"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I028514128"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgeography/126/4/126_126.455/_pdf"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"NAID","@value":"130006105216"}}],"resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","dc:title":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"石造物を利用した岩石の風化速度に関する研究動向"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Weathering Rates of Stone-built Heritages"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"イシ ゾウブツ オ リヨウ シタ ガンセキ ノ フウカ ソクド ニ カンスル ケンキュウ ドウコウ"}],"dc:language":"ja","description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@language":"en","@value":"<p> It is difficult to estimate weathering rates of rocks based on actual landforms. However, using stone-built architectures, artifacts, and traces of human activity on rock surfaces, weathering rates of rocks under weathering-limited conditions can be obtained easily because stone-built heritages, in general, have a geometrical shape and zero-datum levels. In addition, it is possible to estimate weathering rates of a millennium-scale and changes of rates up to a millennium scale. Many studies on weathering rates of rocks use stone-built heritages. This study reviews recent geomorphological studies that estimate weathering rates, and summarizes their trends. Most of the studies analyze gravestones and churches built since the 19<sup>th</sup> and 11<sup>th</sup> centuries, respectively. Such stone-built heritages are more commonly located in humid temperate areas. Weathering rates are estimated mainly from surface recession or surface loss of gravestones and church-building stones. The major three building stones—carbonate rocks (rate: 2-90 mm/ka), sandstone (8-100 mm/ka), and granite (5-65 mm/ka)—have different ranges of weathering rates. Among these stones, the rates for carbonate rocks are sensitive to climatic conditions and atmospheric sulfur dioxide concentrations. The results of the studies reveal that weathering rates show an obvious dependence on aspects. North-facing surfaces tend to have lower rates than surfaces facing other cardinal directions because each surface has different temperature and moisture conditions due to insolation. Moreover, the studies reveal that temporal changes in weathering rates rarely fit a simple linear model. Changes in atmospheric acidity, landform development, and vegetation cover rapidly affect the intensity of weathering processes and cause fluctuations in weathering rates.</p>"}],"abstractLicenseFlag":"disallow"}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1420282801206921216","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN_RESEARCHERS","@value":"30201271"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"1000030201271"},{"@type":"NDL_AUTHOR_ID","@value":"01191925"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000402606010"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000413363007"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000414083928"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000411999362"},{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000413382070"},{"@type":"RESEARCHMAP","@value":"https://researchmap.jp/read0027943"}],"foaf:name":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"藁谷 哲也"},{"@language":"en","@value":"WARAGAI Tetsuya"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@language":"en","@value":"College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"日本大学文理学部"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"0022135X"},{"@type":"LISSN","@value":"0022135X"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"18840884"},{"@type":"NDL_BIB_ID","@value":"000000014613"},{"@type":"ISSN","@value":"0022135X"},{"@type":"NCID","@value":"AN00322536"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi)"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"地学雑誌"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"地學雜誌"},{"@language":"en","@value":"J. Geogr."},{"@language":"en","@value":"Jour. Geogr."},{"@language":"en","@value":"Journal of Geography"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"地学雑"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi)"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Journal of Geography(Chigaku Zasshi)"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"地學雜誌"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Tokyo Geographical Society"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"公益社団法人 東京地学協会"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2017","prism:volume":"126","prism:number":"4","prism:startingPage":"455","prism:endingPage":"471"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/028514128"},{"@id":"https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I028514128"},{"@id":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgeography/126/4/126_126.455/_pdf"}],"availableAt":"2017","foaf:topic":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=stone-built%20cultural%20heritage","dc:title":"stone-built cultural heritage"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=building%20stones","dc:title":"building stones"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=stone%20decay","dc:title":"stone decay"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=physical%20environmental%20stress","dc:title":"physical environmental stress"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=%E7%9F%B3%E9%80%A0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A3","dc:title":"石造文化遺産"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=%E7%9F%B3%E6%9D%90","dc:title":"石材"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=%E7%9F%B3%E6%9D%90%E5%8A%A3%E5%8C%96","dc:title":"石材劣化"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9","dc:title":"自然環境ストレス"}],"project":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1040282257266868480","@type":"Project","projectIdentifier":[{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"26300008"},{"@type":"JGN","@value":"JP26300008"},{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-26300008/"}],"notation":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"カンボジア・アンコール砂岩の風化プロセスに関わるクリープ変形と風化環境の研究"},{"@language":"en","@value":"A study of creep deformation and environment related to weathering processes of the sandstone composing Angkor monuments, Cambodia"}]}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011144239030912","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Weathering of sandstone lotus petals at the Angkor site: a 1,000-year stone durability trial"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011144435223296","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Understanding the decay of stone-built cultural heritage"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360016869775186432","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Weathering rates of a subaerially exposed marble in eastern Australia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360016870446419456","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Significations de quelques marqueurs des rythmes de la météorisation des granites en milieu tempéré océanique"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360285707106298496","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The effect of rock strength on weathering rates of sandstone used for Angkor temples in Cambodia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292620703952896","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Methods for measuring rock surface weathering and erosion: A critical review"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292621251143808","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Weathering rates of sandstone in a semi-arid environment (Hunter Valley, Australia)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360298343113136256","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Weathering rates of marble in urban environments, eastern Australia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574093949856896","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Five year measurements of rock tablet weathering on a forested hillslope in a humid temperate region"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574094487702528","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Correspondence on “Erosion rates and weathering history of rock surfaces associated with Aboriginal rock art engravings (petroglyphs) on Burrup Peninsula, Western Australia, from cosmogenic nuclide measurements” by Brad Pillans and Keith Fifield. Quaternary Science Reviews 69: 98–106"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574094532374400","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Reply to Watchman, Taçon and Aubert"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574095477196416","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"1. Rock-Weathering, as illustrated in Edinburgh Churchyards"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574095610656512","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Thirty years of erosion and declining atmospheric pollution at St Paul's Cathedral, London"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360855569501626240","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Weathering Rates On Marble Tombstones At A Sydney Cemetery"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137043411654400","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Geological Time-Distance Rates: The Bubnoff Unit"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137043508215296","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Accelerated stone deterioration induced by forest clearance around the Angkor temples"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137043725545856","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Measuring stone weathering in cities: Surface reduction on marble monuments"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137044473419648","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Surface-recession weathering of marble tombstones: New field data and constraints"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137044889686912","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Rates of surface processes on slopes, slope retreat and denudation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137044953890432","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Sandstone weathering and aspect in Petra, Jordan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137046537106304","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Assessment of sandstone deterioration at Ta Keo temple (Angkor): first results and future prospects"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418519196379520","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Laboratory simulation of rock weathering by salt crystallization and hydration processes in hot, arid environments"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418519430875904","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Principles of Lithogenesis"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418520095558144","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Twenty‐year weathering remeasurements at St Paul's Cathedral, London"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418520165871744","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Geomorphology's role in the study of weathering of cultural stone"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699994078453248","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effects of aspect on weathering: anomalous behaviour of sandstone gravestones in southeast England"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699994333063808","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Weathering of coastal defensive structures in southwest England: a 500 year stone durability trial"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981468432352384","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Notes on the Disintegration of Granite in Egypt"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981468791000064","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Évaluation de la météorisation du granite en milieu tempéré océanisé à partir de monuments historiques en Bretagne méridionale. (Granite weathering assessment in temperate oceanic environment according to historical monuments in Southern Brittany)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981469416958336","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Field-based experimental determination of the weathering rates of the Cappadocian tuffs"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981469806260352","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Weathering of Tombstones And Its Relationship to The Topography of New England"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981469830909952","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Weathering Rates of Portland Arkose Tombstones"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981470158657024","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Evaluation of the initial weathering rate of Istria stone exposed to rain action, in Venice, with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981471238399616","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A 120-year record of the spatial and temporal distribution of gravestone decay and acid deposition"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262943958805632","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Urban stone decay: The great weathering experiment?"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262944247775360","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Weathering rates of historic sandstone structures in semiarid environments (Ebro basin, NE Spain)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262944714134912","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Using gravestones to assess changing rates of weathering in the United Kingdom"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544418616564992","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Reinforcing Quantitative Skills with Applied Research on Tombstone-Weathering Rates"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544419654938496","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Use of tombstones in investigation of deterioration of stone monuments"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544420292971904","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The effects of lichen cover upon the rate of solutional weathering of limestone"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544421030152704","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The Geographic Cycle in Periglacial Regions as it is Related to Climatic Geomorphology"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544421170305280","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"MARBLE TOMBSTONE WEATHERING RATES: A TRANSECT OF THE UNITED STATES"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825893874961024","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The effect of time on the weathering of silicate minerals: why do weathering rates differ in the laboratory and field?"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388844662498304","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"La durabilité de la pierre monumentale des églises du Massif central : éléments de diagnostic et perspectives de recherche (Stonework durability of the French massif central churches : preliminary diagnosis and future developments)"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388845759697408","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Inscription legibility method for estimating rock weathering rates"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670318289209984","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Field and laboratory experiments on weathering rates of granodiorite: Separation of chemical and physical processes"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670319161297408","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Contrasting weathering rates in coastal, urban and rural areas in southern Britain: preliminary investigations using gravestones"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951794150266752","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Drainage Basin Processes"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951794240144640","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"SANDSTONE WEATHERING THRESHOLDS IN PETRA, JORDAN"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951794816670848","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Effects of rock strength and location heights on growth rates of tafoni-like depressions at sandstone blocks used for a masonry bridge pier in the coastal spray zone"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951795017079936","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Petra revisited: An examination of sandstone weathering research in Petra, Jordan"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233268291746432","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Different igneous masonry blocks and salt crystal weathering rates in the architecture of historical city of Konya"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233269300281216","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Sandstone weathering: a century of research and innovation"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233270574934400","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Weathering of stone-built heritage: A lens through which to read the Anthropocene"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233270917591040","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Erosion rates and weathering history of rock surfaces associated with Aboriginal rock art engravings (petroglyphs) on Burrup Peninsula, Western Australia, from cosmogenic nuclide measurements"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1364233271291213440","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"LIMESTONE WEATHERING AND RATE VARIABILITY, GREAT TEMPLE OF AMMAN, JORDAN"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390001204096062080","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Weathering Rates of Bedrocks in Artificial and Natural Slopes."},{"@value":"斜面を構成する岩石・岩盤の風化速度"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"シャメン オ コウセイスル ガンセキ ガンバン ノ フウカ ソクド"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282679071073408","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"石材建造物を対象とした岩石の風化実態調査とその考察"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Investigation of Surface Weathering on the Subject of Stone Buildings and its Consideration"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"セキザイ ケンゾウブツ オ タイショウ ト シタ ガンセキ ノ フウカ ジッタ"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282763099720960","@type":"Article","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Progress and issues in rock weathering studies in Japan"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"日本における岩石の風化研究の進展と課題"},{"@language":"ja-Kana","@value":"ニホン ニ オケル ガンセキ ノ フウカ ケンキュウ ノ シンテン ト カダイ"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/2050307417113176704","@type":"Article","resourceType":"学術雑誌論文(journal article)","relationType":["isReferencedBy"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Influence of microclimate on the directional dependence of sandstone pillar weathering in Angkor Wat temple, Cambodia"}]}],"dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"JALC","@value":"oai:japanlinkcenter.org:2003258809"},{"@type":"NDL_SEARCH","@value":"oai:ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp:R000000004-I028514128"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5026/jgeography.126.455"},{"@type":"CIA","@value":"130006105216"},{"@type":"KAKEN","@value":"PRODUCT-21041690"},{"@type":"OPENAIRE","@value":"doi_dedup___::97c430f882ecfa4d0d9df652f2f45752"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.5575/geosoc.2018.0057_references_DOI_OoJ0hvMpQTJU38p0lPRLxMF5N2I"},{"@type":"CROSSREF","@value":"10.1186/s40645-019-0254-5_references_DOI_OoJ0hvMpQTJU38p0lPRLxMF5N2I"}]}