{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282680158075136.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.1254/jphs.08197fp"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"NDL_BIB_ID","@value":"10188877"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/10188877"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I10188877"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"NAID","@value":"10025735071"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2009231487"}}],"dc:title":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Panax notoginseng Attenuates the Infarct Volume in Rat Ischemic Brain and the Inflammatory Response of Microglia"}],"dc:language":"en","description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The roots of <i>Panax notoginseng</i> (PN) are commonly used as a therapeutic agent to stop hemorrhage and as a tonic to promote health in traditional Korean medicine. Stroke triggers an inflammatory response that not only plays a central role in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia, but also induces secondary damage. This study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of the methanol extract of PN on the infarct volume induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) (90-min occlusion and 24-h reperfusion) in rat brains. The PN extract (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 2 h after the onset of MCAO. The PN-treated groups had a reduction in infarct volume by 23.82 ± 8.9%. In the PN extract–treated groups, the microglial density was significantly decreased in the peri-infarct region; the underlying mechanism was inhibition of inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, via blocking of the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed that the PN extract significantly reduced the production of iNOS-derived NO and COX-2–derived prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> through the regulation of gene transcription levels in primary microglia and BV-2 cells. These results suggest that anti-inflammatory and microglial activation inhibitory effects of the PN extract may contribute to its neuroprotective effects in brain ischemia.<br>"}],"abstractLicenseFlag":"disallow"}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1410282680158075137","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000016809643"}],"foaf:name":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Han Hyung Soo"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, South Korea"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1410282680158075139","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000016809645"}],"foaf:name":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Jung Hyo Won"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Oriental Medicine Drug R&D Center and Oriental Medicine Research Institute, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, South Korea"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1410282680158075138","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000016809641"}],"foaf:name":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Son Hye Young"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Oriental Medicine Drug R&D Center and Oriental Medicine Research Institute, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, South Korea"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1410282680158075136","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000016809648"}],"foaf:name":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Park Yong-Ki"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Oriental Medicine Drug R&D Center and Oriental Medicine Research Institute, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, South Korea"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"13478613"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"13478648"},{"@type":"NDL_BIB_ID","@value":"000003539610"},{"@type":"ISSN","@value":"13478613"},{"@type":"LISSN","@value":"13478613"},{"@type":"NCID","@value":"AA11806667"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Journal of Pharmacological Sciences"},{"@language":"en","@value":"J Pharmacol Sci"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The Japanese Pharmacological Society"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"公益社団法人 日本薬理学会"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2009","prism:volume":"109","prism:number":"3","prism:startingPage":"368","prism:endingPage":"379"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/10188877"},{"@id":"https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I10188877"},{"@id":"https://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2009231487"}],"availableAt":"2009","foaf:topic":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=inflammation","dc:title":"inflammation"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=microglia","dc:title":"microglia"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=%3Ci%3EPanax%20notoginseng%3C/i%3E","dc:title":"<i>Panax notoginseng</i>"},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/all?q=stroke","dc:title":"stroke"}],"relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011144562246272","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Cyclo-Oxygenase-2 Gene Expression in Neurons Contributes to Ischemic Brain Damage"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011144605686272","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Microglial Activation and Dopaminergic Cell Injury: An<i>In Vitro</i>Model Relevant to Parkinson's Disease"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011145115078784","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Spreading depression and focal brain ischemia induce cyclooxygenase-2 in cortical neurons through\n            <i>N</i>\n            -methyl-\n            <scp>d</scp>\n            -aspartic acid-receptors and phospholipase A\n            <sub>2</sub>"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292618548002560","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Cyclooxygenase-2 immunoreactivity in the human brain following cerebral 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ginseng"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137043822635776","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Trisialoganglioside GT1b induces in vivo degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons: Role of microglia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137043867940352","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Brain macrophages: evaluation of microglia and their functions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137044034706816","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Activation of cerebral peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors gamma promotes neuroprotection by attenuation of neuronal cyclooxygenase‐2 overexpression after focal cerebral ischemia in rats"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137045514189696","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Ginsenoside Rd from <i>Panax notoginseng</i> Is Cytotoxic towards HeLa Cancer Cells and Induces Apoptosis"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418519520458496","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"A Korean herbal medicine, Panax notoginseng, prevents liver fibrosis and hepatic microvascular dysfunction in rats"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418520177101568","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Inflammation and glial responses in ischemic brain lesions"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418521297106176","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Oxidative DNA damage precedes DNA fragmentation after experimental stroke in rat brain"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418521485250816","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Immunocytochemical Study of an Early Microglial Activation in 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A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial with a planned interim analysis."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362262945902149760","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The inflammatory response in stroke"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544418960205696","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Attenuation of brain injury and reduction of neuron-specific enolase by nicardipine in systemic circulation following focal ischemia and reperfusion in a rat model"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825895460111360","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"Molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive activities of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals: down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS through suppression of NF-κB 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Signaling Pathway in Murine Microglia BV-2 Cells"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570009750138964352","@type":"Article","relationType":["cites"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Nitric oxide is involved in the immunomodulating activities of acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570009750904949888","@type":"Article","relationType":["cites"]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570009750965377408","@type":"Article","relationType":["cites"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Panax notoginseng attenuates LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 cells"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570009750965866624","@type":"Article","relationType":["cites"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in 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ischemia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570291225942579328","@type":"Article","relationType":["cites"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, 7-nitroindazole, reduces the delayed neuronal damage due to forebrain ischemia in rats"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570572700859912960","@type":"Article","relationType":["cites"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Immunostimulating polysaccharides from Panax notoginseng"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570572700918798848","@type":"Article","relationType":["cites"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Phosphorylation of c-Jun and its localization with heme oxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in CA1 pyramidal neurons after transient forebrain ischemia"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570572700918800000","@type":"Article","relationType":["cites"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Cyclo-oxygenase-2 gene expression in neurons contributes to ischemic brain damage"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570854175830163456","@type":"Article","relationType":["cites"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Cycloxygenase and central nervous system."}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570854175895996544","@type":"Article","relationType":["cites"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Ginsenoside Rd from Panax notoginseng is cytotoxic towards HeLa cancer cells and induces apoptosis"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570854175895997696","@type":"Article","relationType":["cites"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Effect of tetrandrine on neutrophilic recruitment response to brain ischemia/reperfusion"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570854176761303680","@type":"Article","relationType":["cites"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Assessment of the relative contribution of COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms to ischemia-induced 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