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The regional climate model successfully simulates winter precipitation characteristics, such as heavy precipitation in central mountain areas and around the Japan Sea coast, and a gradual decrease in precipitation from west to east. A comparison of model simulations using 1850 and 1985 land-use maps shows that precipitation has decreased approximately 1.7 mm mon<sup>-1</sup>, especially over deforested areas. This decrease is mainly a result of reduced evapotranspiration (approximately 2.4 mm mon<sup>-1</sup>) from lower net radiation associated with increased snow cover and higher surface albedo. Meanwhile, precipitation has increased in mountainous areas and on leeward slopes as a result of intensified upward air motion, which is attributed to a decrease in surface roughness caused by deforestation and the strengthening of horizontal wind 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Tomonori"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1410282680199475584","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000296664321"}],"foaf:name":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Sasaki Tomonori"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"13496476"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@language":"en","@value":"SOLA"},{"@language":"en","@value":"SOLA"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Meteorological Society of Japan"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"公益社団法人 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