Theravāda Buddhist monks are strictly limited by the Vinaya (monks' rules) with regard to their way of gaining, owning, and consuming foods. The most important principle for them is to live as beggars, and to depend on Dāna [religious gifts] given by lay people. In Theravāda Buddhism, such a monk's life is thought to be the optimum approach―though not the only one―to achieve Nibbāna (the doctrinal ideal of Theravāda Buddhism). Monks, however, cannot live without any food. This is an enormous dilemma for a monks' life.
How do monks deal with this food problem? How does this problem influence the religious practice of monks? In this paper I adopt an anthropological approach that is characterized by fieldwork and that aims to reveal processes of trial and error in the monks' life, taking Myanmar as an example. By doing this, I try to clarify one side of the religious practice of monks, for example, the reason why they become monks, the way their life courses develop, the way the organization of a monastery is formed, and so on. And I also insist that these facts could not be adequately discussed if we are particular about the distinction between the word “religion” and “secular,” which is an idea of modern European origin.
"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"上座仏教の出家者は、律と呼ばれるルールによって、「食」の獲得・所有・消費方法について、種々の制限を課されている。そしてこうした律を守る出家生活こそが、上座仏教の理想を実現するための最適な手段であるとされる。しかしだからといって、出家者は霞を食べて生きていけるわけではない。ここに上座仏教の出家生活が抱える、「食」をめぐる根深いジレンマがある。それでは現実の出家者たちは、「食」をめぐる問題にどのように対応しているか。そしてそれが出家者の宗教実践をどのように形づくっているか。本論文ではこの問題について、現代ミャンマーを事例として検討する。こうした作業を通じて、宗教／世俗を二項対立的に区別する発想では捉えられないような出家者の仏教実践の一端について、具体的にはなぜ出家し、どのようなライフコースを辿るのか、そして出家者の生活の基盤である僧院組織の構造がどのように規定されているのかといった諸点を明らかにする。
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