{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390282681477902208.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.2151/jmsj.2004.829"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"NDL_BIB_ID","@value":"6981276"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/6981276"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I6981276"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/10612325"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"NDL_BIB_ID","@value":"10612325"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"NAID","@value":"110001803113"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://id.ndl.go.jp/digimeta/10612325"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/82/3/82_3_829/_pdf"}},{"identifier":{"@type":"URI","@value":"http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/10612325"}}],"dc:title":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Winter Storms in the Central Himalayas"}],"dc:language":"en","description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Based on observations from a hydrometeorological network on the eastern slopes of the Annapurna Range, nearly all the annual precipitation at low elevations (< 2000 m MSL) in Nepal is in liquid form, even during the winter. However, high elevations (> 3000 m MSL) can receive up to 40% of their annual precipitation as snowfall during the winter, with the highest altitude stations (∼4000 m MSL and above) having the most total winter precipitation (which can exceed 100 cm). Significant snowstorms are associated with terrain-locked low-pressure systems that form when an upper-level disturbance passes over the notch formed by the Himalayas and Hindu Kush mountains (the so-called Western Disturbances), causing upper-level SW flow over central Nepal and orographically forced precipitation. Based on these results, a 30-year (1973-2002) climatology of these notch depressions is developed and reveals that significant interannual variability in central Himalayan winter storms exists. Weak but statistically significant correlation between notch depressions and the Polar/Eurasia teleconnection pattern was found, suggesting that the strength of the circumpolar vortex may affect the number of depressions passing through the Himalayan region. A typical snow event (11 February 2000) was the subject of an observational and modeling case study. Local precipitation (snow and rain) and other meteorological observations, as well as satellite (Meteosat-5 and TRMM) and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data were used, along with a cloud-resolving model with realistic topography. This study shows that significant wintertime precipitation only occurs in the central Himalayas when the large-scale flow evolves to a favorable geometry with respect to the mountains.<br>"}],"abstractLicenseFlag":"disallow"}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1410282681477902209","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363501287"}],"foaf:name":[{"@language":"en","@value":"LANG Timothy J"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1410282681477902208","@type":"Researcher","personIdentifier":[{"@type":"NRID","@value":"9000363501288"}],"foaf:name":[{"@language":"en","@value":"BARROS Ana P"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University"}]}],"publication":{"publicationIdentifier":[{"@type":"PISSN","@value":"00261165"},{"@type":"LISSN","@value":"00261165"},{"@type":"EISSN","@value":"21869057"},{"@type":"NDL_BIB_ID","@value":"000000388871"},{"@type":"ISSN","@value":"00261165"},{"@type":"NCID","@value":"AA00702524"}],"prism:publicationName":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"気象集誌. 第2輯"},{"@value":"気象集誌. 第2輯"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"気象集誌"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"氣象集誌. 第2輯"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan"},{"@language":"en","@value":"JMSJ"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Meteorological Society of Japan"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"公益社団法人 日本気象学会"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2004","prism:volume":"82","prism:number":"3","prism:startingPage":"829","prism:endingPage":"844"},"reviewed":"false","url":[{"@id":"http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/6981276"},{"@id":"https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I6981276"},{"@id":"https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/10612325"},{"@id":"http://id.ndl.go.jp/digimeta/10612325"},{"@id":"http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/82/3/82_3_829/_pdf"},{"@id":"http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/10612325"}],"availableAt":"2004","relatedProduct":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011142940587136","@type":"Article","relationType":["references"],"jpcoar:relatedTitle":[{"@value":"The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis 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