{"@context":{"@vocab":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/schema/1.0/","rdfs":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#","dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","prism":"http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.0/","cinii":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ns/1.0/","datacite":"https://schema.datacite.org/meta/kernel-4/","ndl":"http://ndl.go.jp/dcndl/terms/","jpcoar":"https://github.com/JPCOAR/schema/blob/master/2.0/"},"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1390582794784274304.json","@type":"Article","productIdentifier":[{"identifier":{"@type":"DOI","@value":"10.14869/toxpt.51.1.0_s23-2"}}],"dc:title":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Mechanism of aberrant brain development induced by exposure to the reverse transcriptase inhibitor during fetal stages"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"胎生期の逆転写酵素阻害曝露による脳発達異常のメカニズム"}],"dc:language":"ja","description":[{"type":"abstract","notation":[{"@language":"en","@value":"<p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder characterized by impaired social communication, repetitive behaviors, and obsessiveness. Its prevalence has been increasing year by year and is currently very high: about 1 in 50 people. Although several causative genes for ASD have been identified, in most cases the causative gene has not even been identified, and effective treatment strategies have yet to be established.</p><p>ASD is known to be caused by abnormalities in brain development beginning in the fetal period. Previous studies have reported abnormal expression of the retrotransposon LINE1 (L1) in the postmortem brains of ASD patients, but the impact of L1 expression on normal brain development is unknown. It has been reported that L1 expression is basically maintained at a low level, but exceptionally, its expression is upregulated in neural progenitor cells in the brain and germ cells. Recent studies have also revealed that L1-cDNA, which is reverse-transcribed from L1-mRNA, regulates intracellular signaling by acting as a functional molecule. Therefore, we analyzed the role of L1 in normal brain development focusing on L1-cDNA.</p><p>First, we examined L1 expression during brain development and found that L1 expression increased as brain development progressed. Next, the reverse transcription of L1 mRNA to cDNA was inhibited by administering a reverse transcriptase inhibitor (3TC) to the mother mice from day 9 of gestation, and the proliferative ability of neural stem cells in the fetal brain at day 15 of gestation was evaluated. The results showed that treatment with 3TC increased the number of Sox2-positive (stem cell marker) and Ki67-positive (proliferation marker) neural stem cells. To elucidate the mechanism by which 3TC treatment increases neural stem cells, we administered 3TC to mice expressing EGFP downstream of the Sox2 promoter, collected EGFP-positive neural stem cells, and performed RNA-sequencing. GO analysis of the genes upregulated by 3TC treatment revealed that the expression of genes related to cell proliferation downstream of Yap signaling was increased. Furthermore, since the cGAS-STING pathway is known to be a major pathway for recognizing intracellular DNA, and activation of this pathway has been reported to inhibit Yap activation, we investigated whether the phenotype observed by 3TC treatment is also observed in STING-Knockout (KO) mice. We found that the number of Sox2-positive and Ki67-positive neural stem cells was increased in STING-KO mice as well as in 3TC-treated mice. Furthermore, when we waited until the embryonic 3TC-exposed mice reached adulthood to analyze their behavior, we observed abnormalities in their social behavior. The above results suggest that the presence of a certain amount of endogenous DNA is essential for normal brain development and that when this endogenous DNA is reduced by drugs or environmental changes, the activity of the cGAS-STING pathway is suppressed and YAP is activated, causing abnormal brain development and resulting in the observation of abnormal social behavior. </p>"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"<p>　自閉症スペクトラム症（ASD）とは、社会的コミュニケーションの障害、反復行動、こだわりを特徴とする発達障害である。その有病率は年々増加しており、現在は約50人に1人と非常に高い。ASDの原因遺伝子はいくつか同定されているが、ほとんどの症例では原因遺伝子すら同定されておらず、有効な治療戦略も確立されていない。</p><p>ASDは胎児期から始まる脳発達の異常によって発症することが知られている。これまでの先行研究から、ASD患者の死後脳ではレトロトランスポゾンLINE1（L1）の発現異常が報告されているが、L1の発現が正常脳発達に与える影響については分かっていない。L1は異なるゲノムの場所に自分自身をコピー＆ペーストする遺伝子の一種である（トランスポゾン）。L1の発現は基本的に低レベルに保たれているが、例外的に脳の神経前駆細胞（神経幹細胞からニューロンへ分化する過程に生じる細胞）と生殖細胞ではその発現が亢進していることが報告されている。また、最近の研究から、L1-mRNAから逆転写されたL1-cDNAが機能性分子として作用することで細胞内シグナルを制御することも分かってきた。そこで、我々は正常脳発達におけるL1の役割をL1-cDNAに着目して解析した。</p><p>まず、脳発達期におけるL1の発現を調べたところ、脳の発達が進むにつれてL1の発現は増加することが明らかとなった。次に、胎生９日目から逆転写酵素阻害剤（3TC）を母マウスに投与することでL1 mRNAからcDNAへの逆転写を阻害し、胎生15日目の胎仔脳における神経幹細胞の増殖能を評価した。その結果、3TCを投与することにより、Sox2陽性（幹細胞マーカー）かつKi67陽性（増殖マーカー）の神経幹細胞の数が増加していることがわかった。そこで、3TC投与による神経幹細胞の増加メカニズムを明らかにするため、Sox2プロ−モーターに下流でEGFPを発現するマウスに3TC投与を行い、EGFP陽性の神経幹細胞を回収しRNA-sequencingを行った。それを利用して3TC投与により増加した遺伝子のGO解析を行った結果、Yapシグナルの下流にある細胞増殖に関連する遺伝子の発現が増加していることが明らかになった。さらに、cGAS-STING経路は細胞内のDNAを認識する主要な経路として知られており、かつこの経路の活性化はYapの活性化を阻害することが報告されていたため、3TC投与により観察された表現型がSTING-KOマウスでも観察されるかどうかを調べた。その結果として、STING-KOマウスでも3TC投与したときと同様に、Sox2陽性かつKi67陽性の神経幹細胞の数が増加していることがわかった。さらに胎生期に3TC暴露されたマウスが成体になるまで待って行動解析を行ったところ、社会性の異常が観察された。以上から、ある程度の内在性DNAの存在は脳の正常発達に必須であり、薬剤あるいは環境変化などでこの内在性DNAが減少した場合、cGAS-STING経路の活性が抑制され、YAPが活性化されることで脳の発達異常が引き起こされた結果、社会性異常が観察される可能性が示唆された。</p>"}],"abstractLicenseFlag":"disallow"}],"creator":[{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1410582794784274305","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@language":"en","@value":"AOYAGI Kei"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"Kei AOYAGI"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"九州大学大学院　医学研究院"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1410582794784274306","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@language":"en","@value":"NAKASHIMA Hideyuki"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"Hideyuki NAKASHIMA"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"九州大学大学院　医学研究院"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University"}]},{"@id":"https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1410582794784274304","@type":"Researcher","foaf:name":[{"@language":"en","@value":"NAKASHIMA Kinichi"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"中島 欽一"}],"jpcoar:affiliationName":[{"@language":"ja","@value":"九州大学大学院　医学研究院"},{"@language":"en","@value":"Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University"}]}],"publication":{"prism:publicationName":[{"@language":"en","@value":"Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Toxicology"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"日本毒性学会学術年会"}],"dc:publisher":[{"@language":"en","@value":"The Japanese Society of Toxicology"},{"@language":"ja","@value":"日本毒性学会"}],"prism:publicationDate":"2024","prism:volume":"51.1","prism:number":"0","prism:startingPage":"S23-2"},"jpcoar:conferenceName":"第51回日本毒性学会学術年会","availableAt":"2024","dataSourceIdentifier":[{"@type":"JALC","@value":"oai:japanlinkcenter.org:2013337765"}]}