Violation of emergent rotational symmetry in the hexagonal Kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Superconductivity is caused by electron pairs that are canonically isotropic, whereas some exotic superconductors are known to exhibit non-trivial anisotropy stemming from unconventional pairings. However, superconductors with hexagonal symmetry, the highest rotational symmetry allowed in crystals, exceptionally have strong constraint that is called emergent rotational symmetry (ERS): anisotropic properties should be very weak especially near the critical temperature <jats:italic>T</jats:italic><jats:sub>c</jats:sub> even for unconventional pairings such as <jats:italic>d</jats:italic>-wave states. Here, we investigate superconducting anisotropy of the recently-found hexagonal Kagome superconductor CsV<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>Sb<jats:sub>5</jats:sub>, which is known to exhibit various intriguing phenomena originating from its undistorted Kagome lattice formed by vanadium atoms. Based on calorimetry performed under accurate two-axis field-direction control, we discover a combination of six- and two-fold anisotropies in the in-plane upper critical field. Both anisotropies, robust up to very close to <jats:italic>T</jats:italic><jats:sub>c</jats:sub>, are beyond predictions of standard theories. We infer that this clear ERS violation with nematicity is best explained by multi-component nematic superconducting order parameter in CsV<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>Sb<jats:sub>5</jats:sub> intertwined with symmetry breakings caused by the underlying charge-density-wave order.</jats:p>

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