Distribution of Aedes mosquito species along the rural–urban gradient in Lambaréné and its surroundings

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p><jats:italic>Aedes albopictus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti</jats:italic> are known for their potential as vectors of dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses. However, entomological surveys are mostly carried out during epidemics. In Gabon where outbreaks of both viruses have occurred, there is no vector control program targeting these arboviruses. Therefore, we assessed the presence of <jats:italic>Aedes</jats:italic> species along a rural–urban gradient in Lambaréné (Gabon) and its surroundings and determined ecological factors associated to their presence.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>An entomological survey was conducted in Lambaréné and its surrounding rural areas. Mosquitoes were collected with aspirators around human dwellings, and ecological and environmental data were collected from each study area. Morphological identification keys were used to identify <jats:italic>Aedes</jats:italic> species. RNA was extracted from pools of female mosquitoes and amplified by RT-qPCR to detect the presence of DENV and CHIKV.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>Overall, the most common vector collected was <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus (</jats:italic>97%, 4236/4367 specimens), followed by <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti</jats:italic> (3%, 131/4367)<jats:italic>. Albopictus</jats:italic> vectors was more abundant in the rural area (Wilcoxon signed-rank test<jats:italic>, Z</jats:italic> = <jats:italic>627, P</jats:italic> = 0.043) than in the urban area. In the urban area, a higher number of mosquitoes (45%) were recorded in the economic zone (zone 3) than in the historical and administrative zones (zone 1 and 2). In the rural area, the proportions of species numbers were significantly higher along the south rural transect (92%) compared to the north rural transect (Wilcoxon signed-rank test<jats:italic>, </jats:italic><jats:italic>Z</jats:italic> = 43, <jats:italic>P </jats:italic>˂ 0.016). We also noted a high abundance of vectors in environments characterized by monocultures of <jats:italic>Hevea brasiliensis</jats:italic> (Hevea) and <jats:italic>Manihot esculenta </jats:italic>(cassava) (Kruskal–Wallis <jats:italic>H</jats:italic>-test<jats:italic>, H</jats:italic> = 25.7, <jats:italic>df</jats:italic> = 2, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> < 0.001). Finally, no mosquito pools were positive for either DENV or CHIKV.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title> <jats:p><jats:italic>Aedes albopictus</jats:italic> was the dominant vector across the study sites due to its high invasiveness capacity. This presence re-affirms the potential for local transmission of both DENV and CHIKV, as indicated previously by serological surveys conducted in our study area, even though no transmission was detected during the current study. These findings underscore the need for regular arbovirus surveillance in the study region, with the aim of supporting vector control efforts in the event of outbreaks.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Graphical Abstract</jats:title> </jats:sec>