type:論文

type:Article

The aim of this study is understood of the Irish immigrants in England and Wales at the 19th century from the perspective of comparing the family system of the Irish immigrants and the native England and Wales from a viewpoint of the theory of push and pull factors and the family strategy.I have a hypothesis that in Ireland the type of simple family households with the partible inheritance system was dominated in the early 19th century, but after the Great Famine the type changed to extended family households and multiple family households with establishing the system of matchmaking and dowry and the impartible inheritance system.The Irish population decreased 3 millions persons between 1841 and 1881 and the lots of poor population moved to America, Great Britain, Canada and Australia as the immigrants and they had same occupations in Ireland at their settled community. I think their movement meant the push factors and was related the change of family system after the famine.The Irish immigrants formed the simple family households for adapting the community of the natives England and Wales and the head of household and their family members had the job for the well-being from the point of family strategy.I use the data of England and Wales Census Schedule for testing of my hypothesis has NAPP(North Atlantic Population Project) data at Minnesota Population Center and AHDS History of University of Essex.At the result of above analyzing I had the following conclusions.1) I found distribution of the Irish immigrants concentrated on North-West England (40.1%),London (14.5%), Northern England (11.7%) and Yorkshire (10.4%), especially County Lancashire (38.5%) and Middlesex (10.9%).2) On the average of size of household, the Irish immigrants ( 4.93 persons) are more members than the natives of England and Wales (4.2 persons), but the size of the Irish immigrants are smaller than the native Ireland (4.8), because the Irish immigrants took the birth control in England and Wales.3) As the family structure of Irish immigrants, the type of the simple family households(73.8%) was dominated in the late 19th century as well as the same of England and Wales(72.4%). However when we compared the type of family by using the detailed tabulation of composition of kin group per 100 households, we could find a difference in the two types between the Irish immigrants (16.2 persons) and the natives (27.3 persons). The family of the Irish immigrants had not only more slim, but also larger than the type of the natives of England and Wales, because the limitation of extension of kinship, particularly the small number of descendant generations, influenced the total number of kinships, though the Irish immigrants had more children than the natives.However we can find the households of the Irish immigrants included many borders and lodgers in their household, because the Irish immigrants had the strong relations of community spirit. We can understand its Irish family characteristics expressed the Irish identity. Including borders and lodgers was also one of the family strategy in the family of Irish immigrants.4) The household heads of the Irish immigrants had mainly non-skilled and unskilled workers and the ratio of their workers were approximately over the half the numbers, as the most number of occupations are General Laborer (14.4%) and on the next Iron Manufacture (4.0%) and CoalMiner (3.0%). The household members, especially sons almost inherited their father's job, but they had the various kinds of jobs little by little. Consequently we had very interesting result that the line of the household head and sons had the instrumental role of the family income and the line of the spouse and daughters played the supporting role in the Irish immigrant family.Lastly I could test my hypothesis up to a certain point from the data, but I must interpret the result from the historical context of Ireland and England and Wales.

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identifier:KJ00004657978