Building a questionnaire to measure learner capital

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The impact of family background on academic achievement has been investigated predominantly in L1 settings: Bourdieu, in France, regarding cultural capital; Lareau, in the United States, with concerted cultivation; and Kariya, in Japan, on learning capital. Such is the belief of the importance of this area that questions related to family background are included in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) led by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (Barone, 2006; Andersen & Jger, 2013). This paper discusses a questionnaire designed to measure the learner capital of Japanese tertiary students.

In the first section of this paper, I review cultural capital, and two consecutive educational systems in Japan, the Japanese educational credential society (学歴社会-gakureki-shakai) and the learning capital society (学習資本-gakushu-shihon). I provide a brief discussion of learning competence and human capital formation, and then I examine studies on human and learning capital in Japan. I close this section by arguing that a new scale to measure learner capital is necessary. In the second section of the paper, I explain the questionnaire development, and include a description of the items on the current version of the questionnaire. In the last section of this paper, I present future directions.

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