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タイトル別名
  • The Prophet Muḥammad and Ṣadaqa
  • ヨゲンシャ ムハンマド ト サダカ

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抄録

Under the diverse kingdoms that existed in the Arabian Peninsula during the Jāhilīya period, a tax called itāwa was imposed on the Arab tribes. Taxes levied on the commercial quarters (sūq) also existed. However, the implementation of these taxes always met with great difficulty, and there had been no example of a kingship imposing uniform taxes on all the Arab tribes within the entire Peninsula.The prophet Muḥammad introduced zakāt in the Meccan period and ṣadaqa in the Medinan period as alms. Since the 9th year of the Islamic calendar, Muḥammad made ṣadaqa obligatory for the Arab tribes that became Muslims. Ṣadaqa was characterized as alms, but it originally had no compelling force, so the difficulties of tax collection from the Arab tribes became apparent. As the Islamic community expanded and military expeditions escalated, raising military funds became a critical task, and Muḥammad came to look for through taxation.Muḥammad, in his concluding year of the late 10th, defined a concrete tax rate of ṣadaqa, imposed it uniformly on the whole Arab tribes in the Peninsula, and ordered them to deliver it to Medina. However Muḥammad died at the very time that ṣadaqa was being collected in the Peninsula and was on its way to Medina. Upon hearing of his death, the Arab tribes refused to remit ṣadaqa, thus rising up in a movement of ridda (apostasy). The Caliphate in Medina thoroughly suppressed ridda with military forces, but it looked inevitable that enforcing the Arab tribes to remit ṣadaqa to Medina would break up the Islamic community. At the very moment, the great expeditions were started, and revenue in the form of booty and taxes from the occupied territories was sent to Medina continuously. The Caliphate, with abundant supply, had no need to rely on ṣadaqa. Thus ṣadaqa came to be either distributed among the region in which it was collected or partly used to help finance jihād (holy expedition). For the Caliphate in Medina, the great expeditions were a historical necessity. With these historical processes as the background, ṣadaqa’s delivery came to be regarded by Islamic law as being against the prophet’s sunna (standard).

収録刊行物

  • 東洋学報

    東洋学報 92 (2), 197-222(031～056), 2010-09

    東洋文庫

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