Nonlinear Wave Growth Analysis of Whistler‐Mode Chorus Generation Regions Based on Coupled MHD and Advection Simulation of the Inner Magnetosphere

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We show the regions where nonlinear growth of whistler-mode chorus waves is preferred to occur in the inner magnetosphere. A global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulation was used to obtain large-scale electric and magnetic fields under the southward interplanetary magnetic field condition. With the electric and magnetic fields obtained by the MHD simulation, we ran a comprehensive inner magnetosphere-ionosphere model to solve the evolution of phase space density of electrons. Hot electrons originating from the tail region drift sunward and penetrate deep into the inner region due to a combination of convection and substorm-associated electric fields. Cold electrons also drift sunward, resulting in a contraction of the plasmasphere. We obtained the following results. (1) The whistler waves can first grow due to the linear mechanism (pitch angle anisotropy) in the premidnight-prenoon region outside the plasmapause, followed by rapid, nonlinear mechanism accompanied with rising-tone chorus elements. (2) When the solar wind speed is high, the whistler waves grow more efficiently due to linear and nonlinear mechanisms over a wider area because of deep penetration of hot electrons and the large contraction of the plasmasphere. This is consistent with the observation that the outer belt electrons increase for the fast solar wind. (3) For slow solar wind, the linear growth is mostly suppressed, but the nonlinear growth can still take place when external seed waves are present. This may explain the persistence of dawn chorus and large-amplitude chorus waves that are often observed in the premidnight-postdawn region in relatively weak geomagnetic activities.

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