ドイツの大都市圏における社会・経済的再編―ライン・ルール大都市圏を事例に―

本研究は，内陸型の旧工業地域を抱え，産業構造転換の進むドイツのライン・ルール大都市圏を事例に，2000年代における大都市圏の社会・経済的再編を明らかにすることを目的とする．本稿では社会的再編の指標として人口，外国人，世帯特性，また経済的再編では産業別就業者数，事業所数，失業率に着目した．ノルトライン=ヴェストファーレン州の中央部から西側にかけて広がるルール地域およびライン地域の合計30の特別市・郡から構成される範囲をライン・ルール大都市圏とした．分析の結果，2000～2008年において子供のいない単身世帯の増加，少子化，高齢化を主因として大都市圏全体で人口が徐々に減少するという社会的再編が進展している．大都市圏内での人口変化は2極化しており，従来重工業を中心に発展したルール地域での人口減少が顕著である一方，サービス部門や新しい産業が伸張するライン地域で人口が維持・増加している．また，経済的再編でも地域的差違が認められ，新しい産業やサービス部門で雇用拡大のみられるライン地域に対して，ルール地域では製造業の縮小と失業率の高さが顕著である．このように，旧工業地域を抱える大都市圏での社会的・経済的再編において地域的なばらつきが存在し，これらの地域的差違は今後，地域的な経済格差拡大の可能性を示している．

The purpose of this study is to examine socioeconomically spatial changes in German metropolitan region including some old industrial areas in the 2000, using a case of the Rhein-Ruhr Metropolitan Region : “Metropolregion Rhein-Ruhr” experiencing industrial restructuring such as employment transition to the tertiary industry from the second industry. This study focuses on the social reorganization by looking at the changes in the population, foreigners, households, and on the economic ones by analyzing the changes in the employees and business facilities by industrial sectors and unemployment rate. I defined the metropolitan region as combined areas composed of thirty major cities and counties : “Keisfreie Städte und Kreis” located in both the Ruhr Region and the Rhein Region in the central and western parts of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia : Nordrhein-Westfalen. Results of the analysis illustrate distinct social changes : gradually demographic decrease in the metropolitan region between 2000 and 2008 due to an increase in the number of single households with no children, as well as fewer children and population aging. The investigation of demographic pattern by thirty major cities and counties shows the polarization in demographic change: a remarkable decrease in population in the Ruhr Region which was well-developed mainly by the heavy industry ; on the other hand, demographically sustainable increase in population owing to the developing service sector and smooth employment transition to a new industry from the old industry in the Rhein Region. The economic change is also regionally different between the Rhein Region with sustainably increasing in employments in the new industries and service sector and the Ruhr Region with high unemployment rate caused by declining manufacturing industry and delay of employment shift to the new industries. The results of this study, therefore, point out the areal differentiation of socio-economic reorganization in the metropolitan region including the old industrial areas, which implies the possibility of widening areal economic disparities in the near future.

論説